a  commercial  ti-nanoxide  was  deposited  on  in-doped  sno2 (ito) polymer  substrates by  tape casting  technique with different thicknesses  (7,  14  and  36μm)  to  be  used  as  photoelectrode  in flexible  dye-sensitized  solar  cells  (dsscs).  ruthenium  dye  was adsorbed on each tio2 film for 24 h. the resulting photoelectrodes were used to form flexible dsscs in combination with elec...

The violent event of a short-circuit leads to short-term exposure of circuit breaker components to extremely high current, causing thermal degradation, vaporization and deformation of some components and the deposition of surface contaminants. After short-circuit, the leakage current carried by the breaker, when voltage is applied, increases dramatically but must remain below a certain threshol...

Protection systems have vital role in network reliability in short circuit mode and proper operating for relays. Current transformer often in transient and saturation under short circuit mode causes mal-operation of relays which will have undesirable effects. Therefore, proper and quick identification of Current transformer saturation is so important. In this paper, an Artificial Neural Network...

We present a formula of short-circuit power dissipation for static CMOS logic gates. By representing shortcircuit current by a piece-wise linear function and considering a current owing from input node to output node through gate capacitances, the accuracy is improved signi cantly. The error of our formula in a CMOS inverter is less than 15% from circuit simulation in many cases of our experime...