“Shooting [or ‘guessing’] characters” (shèzì 射字) was a game, and later communication method, based on phonological analysis of Chinese syllables. Over time, it became used in variety ways, including as teaching tool, cipher, writing aid for the less educated. The actual proposed applications one game show that phonology did not just exist books, but encompassed distinct non-written pract...

Chemical processes are modeled by large-scale, highly-nonlinear process models often governed by unstable dynamics. Dynamic optimization is required to exploit economical performance of these processes in their unstable regions. On the one hand, direct single shooting is able to solve large-scale dynamic optimization problems, but lacks the ability to cope properly with unstable dynamical syste...

All Han-based scripts (Chinese, Japanese, and Korean) possess similar visual characteristics. Hence system development for identification of Chinese, Japanese and Korean scripts from a single document page is quite challenging. It is noted that a Han-based document page might also have Roman script in them. A multi-script OCR system dealing with Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Roman scripts, dem...

background: military personnel are usually exposed to high levels of impulse noise (in) which can lead to hearing loss. objectives: the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of relatively low level exposure of impulse noise (in) during shooting practice on hearing using pure tone audiometry (pta) and transiently evoked otoacoustic emission (teoae) in military personnel. materials and ...

The general aim of the research presented in the present thesis was to elucidate the visual basis of basketball shooting. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the pertinent literature. Previous studies on the topic focused on temporal aspects of vision and identified the rapidity of orienting as necessary ingredients for successful performance and distinguishing marks of expertise. In apparent con...

background and objectives: grape has high nutritional value and it is an economically important horticultural plant in the world. iran has seventh producer grape rank in the world. today tissue culture is one of technique which can be used in grape propagation and breeding. material and method: in order to optimization of callus induction and micropropagation of grape in vitro condition, this i...

Estimating the parameters of a dynamical system based on measurement data is an important but complex task in industrial and scientific practice (Schittkowski, 2002). Due to its importance, different approaches to solve this kind of problem have been developed. The most established ones are single shooting (Bard, 1974), multiple shooting (Bock, 1983) and full discretization techniques (Biegler,...

BACKGROUND Previous studies using electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor brain activity have linked higher frontal theta activity to more focused attention and superior performance in goal-directed precision tasks. In biathlon, shooting performance requires focused attention after high-intensity cross-country skiing. PURPOSE To compare biathletes (serving as experts) and cross-country skiers...