US transportation agencies have been increasingly using recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) applications over the last 25 years. Initial use of RAS started with recycled postmanufacturers shingles, but now agencies are showing a growing interest in using post-consumer (tear-off) RAS in asphalt applications. Post-consumer asphalt shingles typically have 20 to 30 percent asph...

US transportation agencies have been increasingly using recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) applications over the last 25 years. Initial use of RAS started with recycled post-manufacturers shingles, but now agencies are showing a growing interest in using postconsumer (tear-off) RAS in asphalt applications. Post-consumer asphalt shingles typically have 20 to 30 percent asph...

US transportation agencies have been increasingly using recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) applications over the last 25 years. Initial use of RAS started with recycled post-manufacturers shingles, but now agencies are showing a growing interest in using post-consumer (tear-off) RAS in asphalt applications. Postconsumer asphalt shingles typically have 20 to 30 percent asph...

The retreat of chalk cliffs fringing the eastern English Channel contributes shingle to the beaches which helps to protect the cliffs and slow down erosion. Conversely, cliff retreat endangers settlements and infrastructure on the clifftop. Rates of retreat have been calculated by a variety of methods over the past century, but no attempt has been made to provide a complete coverage that allows...

US transportation agencies have been increasingly using recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) applications over the last 25 years. Initial use of RAS started with recycled post-manufacturers shingles, but now agencies are showing a growing interest in using post-consumer (tear-off) RAS in asphalt applications. Post-consumer asphalt shingles typically have 20 to 30 percent asp...

US transportation agencies have been increasingly using recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) applications over the last 25 years. Initial use of RAS started with recycled postmanufacturers shingles, but now agencies are showing a growing interest in using post-consumer (tear-off) RAS in asphalt applications. Post-consumer asphalt shingles typically have 20 to 30 percent asph...