The distribution of intertidal organisms can often be determined by processes operating at the time of recruitment. Recruitment has been demonstrated to influence the composition of assemblages of natural habitats, but there is less evidence of its importance in artificial habitats. Coastal areas are becoming increasingly urbanised, with the replacement of many natural habitats by man-made stru...

Background: Cottontails (Sylvilagus spp.) are common mammals throughout much of the U.S. and are often found in peridomestic settings, potentially interacting with livestock and poultry operations. If these animals are susceptible to avian influenza virus (AIV) infections and shed the virus in sufficient quantities they may pose a risk for movement of avian influenza viruses between wildlife an...

BACKGROUND Several enterovirus (EV) genotypes can result in aseptic meningitis, but their routes of access to the central nervous system remain to be elucidated and may differ between the pediatric and adult populations. OBJECTIVE To assess the pattern of viral shedding in pediatric and adult subjects with acute EV meningitis and to generate EV surveillance data for Switzerland. STUDY DESIG...

BACKGROUND Wild raccoons have been shown to be naturally exposed to avian influenza viruses (AIV). However, the mechanisms associated with these natural exposures are not well-understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We experimentally tested three alternative routes (water, eggs, and scavenged waterfowl carcasses) of AIV transmission that may explain how raccoons in the wild are exposed to ...

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes self-limiting, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) that may rarely be complicated by encephalomyelitis. Person-to-person transmission is usually by fecal-oral or oral-oral routes. To study viral replication sites in the oral cavity and other tissues, and to gain further insights into virus shedding and neuropathogenesis, we developed a consistent, orally-infected,...

After occurrence of some disturbances in power system that causes the sever imbalance between generation power and electrical load, the power system frequency begins to decrease. To prevent power system frequency instability and stop the frequency decay below the power system allowable frequency limitation, load shedding schemes should be utilized by applying under frequency load shedding relay...

Reduction of maximum demand With the rising cost of electricity, there are large incentives There are three main ways in which maximum demand can to reduce the maximum demand charges incurred at a sugar be reduced; mill. The advantages of good maximum demand control, the power factor correction, control Strategy used to implement Such a system and a dedistributing loads more evenly, scription o...

The reconstruction of the trade routes along which garnets reached Europe in early Middle Ages demonstrates persistence long-distance after fall Western Roman Empire. Early medieval garnet jewellery from Italy and presence lapidary workshops are important evidence for understanding dynamics this commerce but systematically overlooked. Chemical trace-element analysis (LA-ICP-MS) loose inset glas...

......................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... iii Chapter