Seasonal ecophysiology, leaf structure and nitrogen were measured in saplings of early (Populus grandidentata Michx. and Prunus serotina J.F. Ehrh.), middle (Fraxinus americana L. and Carya tomentosa Nutt.) and late (Acer rubrum L. and Cornus florida L.) successional tree species during severe drought on adjacent open and understory sites in central Pennsylvania, USA. Area-based net photosynthe...

High-rise residential estates are characterized by high floor area ratios, many floors, and similar green ratios. Beijing is hot in summer, shading an important strategy to improve the outdoor thermal environment of summer. With respect morphological characteristics high-rise estates, three types were summarized, their relationships with air temperature quantified analyzed. The building–tree in...

* Shaded boxes 1⁄4 clearly smoky days. u Hulate matter air pollution (particles of less than 2.5 mm diameter, PM2.5), which has recognised effects on health. In May 2016, hazard reduction burns around Sydney caused smoky conditions with high PM2.5 concentrations on several days. We describe a rapid assessment of the impact of smoke-related PM2.5 on all-cause mortality, and on hospitalisations f...

1. INTRODUCTION. A cycloid is the path traced by a point on the boundary of a circular disk that rolls without slipping along a straight line. It forms a sequence of arches resting on the line, as shown in Figure 1. It is known that the area of the shaded region below one arch is three times the area of the rolling disk. Our analysis shows that the factor 3 reflects a much deeper property of cy...

Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) is a geologically rich belt with structures like faults and folds being the distinctive features. Due to these characteristics this area has been an important centre of studies since past few decades. With the advent of Remote Sensing and GIS, it has been possible to study and interprete geological setting of any area in the laboratory itself without even visiting the...

Host plant phenology (as influenced by seasonality) and light-mediated changes in the phenotypic and phytochemical properties of leaves have been hypothesised to equivocally influence insect herbivore performance. Here, we examined the effects of seasonality, through host plant phenology (late growth-season = autumn vs flowering-season = winter) and light environment (shade vs full-sun habitat)...

The dual-source Shuttleworth-Wallace model has been widely used to estimate and partition crop evapotranspiration (λET). Canopy stomatal conductance (Gsc), an essential parameter of the model, is often calculated by scaling up leaf stomatal conductance, considering the canopy as one single leaf in a so-called "big-leaf" model. However, Gsc can be overestimated or underestimated depending on lea...

Coniferous tree canopies typically carry more leaf area than is necessary to intercept most of the incoming light. I postulated that an excessively large leaf area will reduce net productivity at tree level, unless the net photosynthetic production of the most shaded shoots in the canopy remains positive. The hypothesis tested was that a coniferous tree canopy maintains a large productive leaf ...

Individual tree species classification can be done using Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) and aerial multichannel images simultaneously. LIDAR is typically used to derive shape features and aerial images are employed to extract colour features from a dataset. Different lighting conditions are a common problem when images are utilised: the position of the sun has a significant impact on the b...