Objective(s)Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a leading cause of kidney transplantation failure, and ischemic-preconditioning (IPC) is a protective method against the IRI. In the present study, the defensive effect of IPC on rats’ kidney was investigated and more importantly the differences between two genders were appraised.Materials and MethodsThirty two Wistar rats were randomly allocated...

restoration to health when all drugs (except those in categories a and b) are crossed off. Also the fewer the drugs prescribed, the more likely is compliance. How to educate patients about their drugs is becoming even more important. One simple method is for each tablet to be stuck on a card by Selotape with its name and purpose beside it: for example, allopurinol-to prevent attacks of gout. It...

In a study of a group of 325 blood donors between the ages of 18 and 65 years, the total leucocyte and polymorph counts of the females aged 50 to 65 years were found to be significantly lower than those of the corresponding group of male donors. In the whole series of female donors, there were significantly lower total leucocyte and lymphocyte counts with increasing age and a less significant (...

While scientists across the academy have abandoned the nature ⁄nurture dichotomy, evidence for the influences of society on our biology is greater than ever. This article reviews new developments in the biological sciences – in the sub-fields of genetics, hormones, and neuroscience – with special attention to the implications for sociologists interested in gender. The article closes with an arg...

This paper examines the effects of happiness on the sex gap in life expectancy. Utilizing a cross-country data set, it first inspects the reverse effect of the life expectancy gap on happiness and demonstrates that the life expectancy gap negatively affects happiness through the composition of marital status. Taking this reverse causality into account, it shows that happiness is significant on ...

To the Editor: Among manufactured chemicals, antiandrogenic endocrine disrupters may be especially toxic during fetal life. Indeed, a temporal increase in the prevalence of male genital malformations, including hypospadias and undescended testis, has been observed in recent population-based studies; and geographical differences suggest the role of environmental exposure to antiandrogenic endocr...

The rabbit eyelid conditioned reflex has been used to compare associative learning in males and ovariectomized females. A new method for monitoring eyelid movements is described. Rabbits were trained on simple delay classical conditioning. Conditioned responses were recorded during 8 acquisition days and 6 days of extinction training. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significant diffe...

SIR,-I wish to draw attention to a minor inaccuracy in the valuable study on normal haemnatological values by Drs. Barbara J. Bain and J. M. Englad (8 February, p. 306). The significantly lower neutrophil counts in women than in men found by Allen and Alexander' were confined to the postmenopausal age groups and were not a feature of the whole age range 18-65. In fact, in a larger series of blo...

IT IS CLEAR THAT SEX IS A key biological variable that should be considered in all basic physiological and biological research. However, despite a long history of interest in sex-based investigations, this topic has historically not been well studied. The current importance of sex research is obvious by the recent rise in articles reporting on sex-based biology across scientific journals, inclu...