Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a major cause of invasive streptococcal diseases among all age groups, particularly infants and the elderly. Objectives: This study aimed to recognize determine S. serotypes isolated from clinical specimens by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: A total 105 pneumococcal strains were collected nonvaccinated cases within range 10 days 9...

BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is a serious problem worldwide and the case fatality rate remains high. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), to survey the potential coverage of present and future vaccines, and to investigate differences between serotypes and groups of serotypes with regard to m...

Animals with cloven hooves are susceptible to highly contagious foot and mouth disease (FMD). FMD epidemics have affected several underdeveloped countries, including Nigeria. The migration of pastoralist animals has been linked transmission in Nigeria, surveillance is essential for assessing the threat impact FMD, as well emergence PCP-FMD. Here, we report sero-surveillance cattle four states N...

BACKGROUND Recent trends of pneumococcal colonization in the United States, following the introduction of conjugate vaccination, indicate that non-vaccine serotypes tend to replace vaccine serotypes. The eventual extent of this replacement is however unknown and depends on serotype-specific carriage and transmission characteristics. METHODS Here, some of these characteristics were estimated f...

Streptococcus pneumoniae is second only to Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a bacterial cause of worldwide mortality. Unlike M tuberculosis, S pneumoniae remains a major cause of death in the developed world, with a standardised mortality rate of 25 per 100 000 in the UK. S pneumoniae is the commonest pathogen causing community acquired pneumonia (CAP), and the majority of serious S pneumoniae inf...

background: infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious disease which may cause poor weight gain and low feed efficiency in infected chickens. there are a large number of reported serotypes/genotypes, which makes the control of the disease more difficult through vaccination. however, there are only a few amino acid differences in the s1 protein of vaccine and wild type strains which are respon...

We developed and validated a real-time PCR assay consisting of 7 triplexed reactions to identify 11 individual serotypes plus 10 small serogroups representing the majority of disease-causing isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. This assay targets the 13 serotypes included within the 13-valent conjugate vaccine and 8 additional key serotypes or serogroups. Advantages over other serotyping assay...