to test the effect of culling herd life from the breeding goal function, 4 different selection indices were established as: index 1: using milk production (milk), fat percentage of milk (fat%) and rear udder height (ruh); index 2: using milk , fat% and fore teat placement (ftp), index 3: using milk, fat% and fore udder attachment (fua); and index 4: using milk, fat%, ruh, ftp and fua) under two...

Among the threats to validity of conclusions from a health survey is the bias who can result from differences between people who respond to the survey and people that do not respond. When respondents and nonrespondents have very different characteristics and the proportion of nonrespondents is at least moderately large, unadjusted survey estimates are often severely biased. Thus, it is importan...

The clonal selection principle explains the basic features of an adaptive immune response to a antigenic stimulus. It established the idea that only those cells that recognize the antigens are selected to proliferate and differentiate. This paper explains a computational implementation of the clonal selection principle that explicitly takes into account the affinity maturation of the immune res...

                The present study was undertaken to evaluate direct and indirect selection criteria for the improvement of grain yield and quality components in Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Correlated response (CR) and relative selection efficiency (RSE) were estimated for grain yield and three quality components, grain protein, grain carotenoid and leaf carotenoid based on different contributing ...

Voluntary action control is accomplished through anticipating that action's perceptual outcomes. Some evidence suggests that this is only true when responses are intention-based rather than stimulus-based and that this difference is evidence of different response modes. More recently, however, it has been shown that response-outcome retrieval effects can occur with stimulus-based responses, and...