The paper attempts to rationalize cooperation in the one-shot prisoners’ dilemma (PD). It starts by introducing (and preliminarily investigating) a new kind of equilibrium (differing from Aumann’s correlated equilibria) according to which the players’ actions may be correlated (sect. 2). In PD the Pareto-optimal among these equilibria is joint cooperation. Since these equilibria seem to contrad...

We present a multilevel algorithm based on nonsymmetric collocation with compactly supported radial basis functions for the solution of nonlinear partial diierential equations. At the operator level this algorithm can be viewed as a Newton method. Details of the algorithm as well as numerical experiments are discussed. x1. Introduction Radial basis function (RBF) methods have been studied by va...

UNLABELLED Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus that includes saprobic, endophytic and pathogenic species associated with a wide variety of substrates. In recent years, DNA-based studies revealed multiple non-monophyletic genera within the Alternaria complex, and Alternaria species clades that do not always correlate to species-groups based on morphological characteristics. The Alternaria co...

Hieracium sinoaestivum Sennikov sp. nov. is described as new to science and illustrated. This presumably apomictic species is solely known from two old collections made in a single locality in the Shanxi Province of China. It belongs to the hybridogenous group Hieracium sect. Aestiva (Hieracium sect. Prenanthoidea × Hieracium sect. Umbellata) and is most similar to Hieracium veresczaginii from ...

This introductory chapter is mainly addressed to readers new to the field. In Sect. 1.1 a brief review of the historical roots of the current research is given. Section 1.2 describes various spin interactions. Section 1.3 is a mini text-book on semiconductor physics designed for beginners. A short overview of spin phenomena in semiconductors is given in Sect. 1.4. Finally, Sect. 1.5 presents th...

Rubus L. is a large and taxonomically complex genus, species of which exhibit apomixis, polyploidy, and frequent hybridization. Most of Chinese Rubus are assigned in two major sections, Idaeobatus and Malachobatus. To explore the phylogenetic relationships within Chinese Rubus, inferences upon three chloroplast DNA (rbcL, rpl20-rps12, and trnG-trnS), nuclear ribosomal ITS, and two low-copy nucl...