Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate if leg cycling could reduce lower extremity spasticity in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). In addition, we investigated whether the intervention cause changes modulation presynaptic inhibition. Methods: This a quasi-experimental study, pretest–posttest for 1 group. Participants experiment were eight adult CP spasticity. Spasticity parame...

the aim of this investigation is to compare the effect of applying two transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (tens) current with different frequencies (2 hz & 100 hz) on hoffmann reflex recorded from gastrosoleus muscle of healthy people. forty female subjects between 20 to 30 years of age were participated in this quasi-experimental design. twenty of them were exposed to the 100 hz curre...

Objective: whether gag reflex, a common problem encountered during dental procedures, is associated with the different types of soft palate has not been addressed so far. This preliminary study sought to assess potential association between and reflex. Material Methods: one hundred patients were recruited. The type was determined. Subjective (self-reported) reflex recorded based on many questio...

A reflex is an involuntary physiological response evoked by external stimuli. Robert Whytt, though he believed in the spirit, identified neural pathways that elicit some actions, including pupillary light reflex. Bell and Magendie found ventral dorsal spinal roots responsible for separate motor sensory functions. Marshall Hall elucidated medullary control of complex behaviors. Charles Sherringt...

Sternutatio (sneeze) is a poorly understood polysynaptic physiologic reflex phenomenon; even less are some variations of the such as photic sneeze (photo-sternutatory reflex), sneezing induced by bright light, overeating, plucking eyebrows (palpebro-sternutatory reflex) and paroxysmal sneezing, episodes intractable sneezing. The present contribution reviews various aspects patho-physiology its ...

in endodontics, severe involuntary gagging can have a severe impact on treatment procedure. there are many ways to ease the gag reflex, one of which is hypnosis. a 34-year-old male was referred for root canal treatment of a molar tooth. he had not received any dental treatments for the past nine years due to fear of severe gag reflex. three hypnotic sessions based upon eye fixation, progressive...

introduction: effect of tripolar tens of vertebral column on slow and fast motoneurons (mns) activity of soleus muscle was previously investigated. in this study for better differentiation of the behavior of slow and fast mns, we exploited h-reflex recovery curve recording in two muscles of soleus and lateral gastrocnemius, respectively as the representatives of slow and fast muscles. methods: ...

Background & Objective:  The blink reflex recovery cycle indicates the excitability of interneurons in the brainstem. In this study, we aimed to investigate the blink reflex and R2 recovery cycle in patients with benign essential blepharospasm (BEB).  Materials & Methods:  This prospective case-control study compared the blink reflex and R2 recovery in 18 BEB patients with 18 age- and gender-m...

Introduction: Effect of tripolar TENS of vertebral column on slow and fast motoneurons (MNs) activity of soleus muscle was previously investigated. In this study for better differentiation of the behavior of slow and fast MNs, we exploited H-reflex recovery curve recording in two muscles of soleus and lateral gastrocnemius, respectively as the representatives of slow and fast muscles. Meth...