In its judgment in Consorzio Italian Management, the Court of Justice has gone some way to solving riddle that since beginning European integration remained one most important and widely discussed doctrines EU law: concerns obligation national courts last instance refer questions interpretation law for a preliminary ruling Court. The doctrine question exceptions this obligation, solidified four...

In this paper we present a procedure for removing ruling lines from a handwritten document image that does not require any preprocessing or postprocessing tasks and it does not break existing characters. We take advantage of common ruling line properties such as uniform width, predictable spacing, position vs. text, etc. The deletion procedure of the detected ruling line is based on the fact th...

throughout the history of the islamic iran the judicial system has always been based on common law and canon law (sharī‘a). upon the formalization of shī‘ism as the official school (nadhhab) in the safavid era, the shī‘a jurisprudence was set as the basis for legal judgments; and for the execution of judicial affairs the ruler appointed officers such as ṣadr, shaykh al-islām, and other judicial...

In Case C-564/19 IS, the Court of Justice European Union delivered a judgement on two significant issues EU law. First, it clarified obligations Member States under Directive 2010/64/EU right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings regarding provision linguistic assistance during procedure consequences failure adhere them. Second, ruled EU-law conformity national judicial deci...

according to the articles 169 to 179 of the civil judgment enforcement law, the enforcement of the foreign judgment in the iranian law is based on the reciprocal act. but extension of international relations in the world today, above all in the commercial domain, requires that enforcement of foreign judgment be accepted after obtaining its correctness conditions based on res judicata. therefore...

The author (a) analyses the way in which first General Court and then of Justice, with reference to an appeal by Poland against a decision Commission concerning energy sector, have ruled on relationship between general principle solidarity that solidarity, (b) points out, this respect, reasons why Court’s ruling, despite appearance resulting from brief point it, should be understood as meaning ...

political attitudes of bureaucrats and their impact on performance have been one of the most important debates in public administration that have been studied in dichotomy of politics-administration. in this article, we examine the effect of political attitudes of bureaucrats on their organizational citizenship behavior (ocb). the results show that political attitudes have a significant correla...

In France, in general emergency departments, psychiatric consultations are on the increase and suicidal behavior represents a frequent reason for consultation. Psychiatrists treat patients whose behavior may be impulsive and irrational, and whose critical judgment is impaired. In emergency units, the reception and initial assessment of the patient determines his or her future pathway through th...

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the utility of clinical swallowing examination (CSE) measures for detecting aspiration as defined by videofluoroscopic swallowing examination (VFSE). This study, involving 165 participants, is a follow-up to a previously published investigation of 60 participants. Findings are compared with that investigation as well as with other research on C...