VIII. The Response to Crisis Let us then assume that crises are a necessary precondition for the emergence of novel theories and ask next how scientists respond to their existence. Part of the answer, as obvious as it is important, can be discovered by noting first what scientists never do when confronted by even severe and prolonged anomalies. Though they may begin to lose faith and then to co...

the us, not only failed to predict the occurrence of the middle east revolutions but also failed to understand the depth and the probability of its spread to other countries. while washington was engaged in tactical initiatives in confronting the islamic awakening, the islamic republic of iran took the creativity of a strategic game in hand. this was a three-step profile raised by the supreme l...