experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in kermanshah to shed lights on economic analysis of deficit irrigation and integrated application of biological and chemical fertilizer son cultivation of medicinal plant borage (borago officinalis l). irrigation tritments include: a) 30% less water than crop requires invegetative, b) inreprodu...

Fish exhibit an enormous variety of reproductive patterns. There is external and internal fertilization, simultaneous and sequential hermaphroditism as well as gonochorism, and an extremely widespread occurrence of parasitic reproductive behaviour among males. In most fish species there is a great size range of reproductive males, setting the stage for divergent, intraspecific reproductive patt...

We investigated physiological traits associated with a reproductive-resting stage in adult female harpacticoid copepods, Coullana canadensis (Willey). Our hypothesis was this stage represents a life-history strategy that could increase ®tness by improving winter survivorship and future reproductive success in spring. To test if physiological rates are suppressed in this stage, we compared gut-c...

Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ), a main component of photochemical oxidants, adversely affects not only human health but also vegetation. To clarify the long-term effects of ambient levels of tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) on photosynthetic components and radical scavenging system in the leaves of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), two African varieties, Blackeye and Asontem, were grown in open-top chambers a...

Density, distribution, and nutritional quality of plants are the causal basis of host plant selection in aphids. Nutritional qualities of a plant vary according to its growth stage and also in response to seasonal variation. How host plant growth stages shape aphid performance was studied in Aphis spiraecola Patch (Homoptera: Aphididae) on the perennial Siam weed, Chromolaena odorata (L.) King ...

Incubation temperature during embryonic development determines gonadal sex in many reptiles, including the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius). In this study, we examined the hormonal and behavioral changes that occur during the reproductive cycle of female leopard geckos from four (i.e., 26, 30, 32.5, and 34 degrees C) incubation temperatures. Controlling for reproductive status, plasma lev...