•Several families of toxSAS RSH toxins specifically inhibit protein synthesis•Translation-inhibiting toxSASs transfer pyrophosphate from ATP to the tRNA 3′ CCA•3′ CCA pyrophosphorylation abrogates aminoacylation•Some SAH enzymes can reverse RelA-SpoT Homolog (RSH) control bacterial physiology through synthesis and degradation nucleotide alarmone (p)ppGpp. We recently discovered multiple small s...