background : pruritus is one of the commonest problems in patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. pruritus is an irritating symptom which can directly affect the life quality of patients with chronic renal failure. however, available treatments have failed to relieve the symptom and kidney transplant remains the definite treatment of the problem. a recently proposed treat...

INTRODUCTION Epidural route is preferable for postoperative pain relief in thoraco-abdominal and lower limb surgeries. We aimed to compare epidural butorphanol versus morphine for postoperative analgesia up to 24 hours in open nephrectomy surgery. METHODS 80 ASA physical status I and II adult patients were selected for this randomized double blind prospective study. A standard balanced genera...

In reviewing techniques for therapeutic local anaesthesia of pain spots, it appeared that the common denominator was puncture by the needle and not the anaesthetic employed. The present study examines short- and long-term effects of dry needling in the treatment of chronic myofascial pain. 241 patients and 312 pain sites were treated by needling. When the most painful spot was touched by the ne...

BACKGROUND Pruritus is one of the commonest problems in patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. Pruritus is an irritating symptom which can directly affect the life quality of patients with chronic renal failure. However, available treatments have failed to relieve the symptom and kidney transplant remains the definite treatment of the problem. A recently proposed treatme...

with the eight sassanians reliefs, naghsh-e rustam in marvdasht is a prominent complex safeguarding a complete collection of the sassanian period. seven of these reliefs have been repeatedly the subject of investigations thanks to their relatively better conditions. the fifth relief, however, has not yet been studied due to their damaged status. it depicts the full-face portrait of a sassanid k...

To investigate how cognitive impairment is affected by the relief of bilateral carotid stenosis, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was established through stenosis of the bilateral carotid common artery in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Subsequently, the model rats received the intragastric placebo, donepezil (5 mg per kg), or surgery to relieve carotid stenosis after bilateral carotid common artery s...

The placebo effect is a neurobiological and psychophysiological process known to influence perceived pain relief. Optimization of placebo analgesia may contribute to the clinical efficacy and effectiveness of medication for acute and chronic pain management. We know that the placebo effect operates through two main mechanisms, expectations and learning, which is also influenced by sleep. Moreov...