During the last years utilities have been facing a strong trend towards new technologies and standards. The most significant task is to fundamentally transform the capabilities and bring new solutions that support better power quality supply. Standardization solution IEC 61850 in terms of protection, monitoring and control functions is a promising solution that provides a great impact on substa...

Safety integrity level (SIL) verification is a critical step in safety lifecycle of safety-related systems (SRS). Introducing redundancy into SRS raises two issues: voting group configuration and common cause failures (CCF). In order to minimize CCF, diverse redundancy is widely adopted by SRS. However, in the past, almost all attention of SIL verification has been paid to identical redundancy,...

Modern probability theory studies chance processes for which the knowledge of previous outcomes influence predictions for future experiments. In principle, when a sequence of chance experiments, all of the past outcomes could influence the predictions for the next experiment. In Markov chain type of chance, the outcome of a given experiment can affect the outcome of the next experiment. The sys...

a direct-sequence signal with binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) or differential block diagram of direct-sequence systemn with BPSK or DPSK: a transmitter. Differential Phase Shift Keying. ▫ For a standard telephone circuit with S/N of 3000 (30. dB) and A block diagram of a QPSK modulator is shown in the next. differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulations is that both Block diagram of the ge...

Block diagram languages provide an effective approach to developing Digital Signal Processing applications. The tools that support block diagram languages use existing compilation systems to produce code. The inefficiencies of the compilation systems are compounded with inefficiencies interfacing to them. Generation of intermediate code direct from the block diagram bypasses these inefficiencie...

In this paper i have adopted an efficient approach for calculating the reliability of the computer communication network with the help of binary decision diagram. The computer communication network has imperfect nodes and imperfect links. It means the nodes as well as the communication links may fail with known probability. The network is represented in the form of a directed graph. First i hav...

We propose an abstract block diagram formalism based on the notions of a signal as a time-varying quantity, a block as a signal transformer, a connection between blocks as a signal equality constraint, and a block diagram as a collection of interconnected blocks. It does not enforce implementation details (like internal state-space) or particular kinds of dynamic behavior (like alternation of d...

This paper is concerned with the trellis structure of linear block codes. The paper consists of four parts. In the first part, we investigate the state and branch complexities of a trellis diagram for a linear block code. A trellis diagram with the minimum number of states is said to be minimal. First, we express the branch complexity of a minimal trellis diagram for a linear block code in term...

Most probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) and reliability methods commonly used at Johnson Space Center (JSC) make the assumption that component failures in a system are independent random occurrences. There are some exceptions (e.g. modeling common cause events), but because of the mathematical complications that occur when full dependency is assumed, it is not done by the standard models. This...