To address the hypothesis that multiple stressors can have cumulative effects on the individual, we determined the effects of restraint (R) stress (4 h/day for 7 days), immunological (L) stress [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, 0.45 microg/g body wt on days 6 and 7], and R + L (RL) on the growth and energetics of C57Bl/6 male mice. R and L each repeatedly increased (P<0.05) circulating corti...

In recent years, researches on reinforcement learning (RL) have focused on bridging the gap between adaptive optimal control and bio-inspired learning techniques. Neural network reinforcement learning (NNRL) is among the most popular algorithms in the RL framework. The advantage of using neural networks enables the RL to search for optimal policies more efficiently in several real-life applicat...

TheUScarpet industry is striving to reach a 40%diversion rate from landfills by 2012, according to amemorandum of understanding signed by industry and government officials in 2002. As a result, they are interested in methods of setting up a reverse logistics (RL) system which will allow them to manage the highly variable return flows. In this paper, we simulate such a carpet RL supply chain and...

RLWM Model RLWM includes two modules, a classic incremental RL module with learning rate a, and a WM module that can learn in a single trial (learning rate 1) but is capacity-limited (with capacity K). The WM module is also subject to forgetting. The final action choice is controlled by weighing the contributions of the RL and WM modules’ policies. How much weight is given to WM relative to RL ...

Previous electron microscopic studies of synaptic terminal distributions in the lateral geniculate nucleus have been flawed by potential sampling biases favoring larger synapses. We have thus re-investigated this in the geniculate A-laminae of the cat with an algorithm to correct this sampling bias. We used serial reconstructions with the electron microscope to determine the size of each termin...

Salinity is a leading threat to crop growth throughout the world. Salt stress induces altered physiological processes and several inhibitory effects on of cereals, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, we determined salinity five spring winter genotypes seedlings. We evaluated salt root shoot attributes, i.e., length (RL), (SL), relative rate (RGR-RL), (RGR-SL). The ionic conte...

Myostatin inhibits myoblast proliferation and differentiation in developing muscle. Mounting evidence suggests that myostatin also plays a limiting role in growth/repair/regeneration of differentiated adult muscle by inhibiting satellite cell activation. We tested the hypothesis that myostatin mRNA expression would decrease after resistance loading (RL) with a blunted response in older (O) fema...

BACKGROUND Skin fibrosis is a significant medical problem that leads to a functional, aesthetic, and psychosocial impact on quality-of-life. Light-emitting diode-generated 633-nm red light (LED-RL) is part of the visible light spectrum that is not known to cause DNA damage and is considered a safe, non-invasive, inexpensive, and portable potential alternative to ultraviolet phototherapy that ma...