Different external representations for learning and solving mathematical operations may affect learning and transfer. To explore the effects of learning representations, learners were each introduced to two new operations (b↑n and b↓n) via either formulas or graphical representations. Both groups became adept at solving regular (trained) problems. During transfer, no external formulas or graphs...

As a point of departure and leitmotif, I consider a scope asymmetry between the respective constructions (.2). I give evidence in (.3) that the asymmetry is due to the referential properties of the indirect object (IO): In the DOC, the IO receives a definite (existence and ’uniqueness’ presupposing) interpretation. This is argued in (.4) to be an effect of Topic/ Focus Articulation, the semanti...

Sierra Leone is blessed with abundant natural resources but yet prone to environmental degradation due to the mining operations. Most often, the mining communities are faced with social tensions, as a result of the possible trade-off between the expected employment impact and the cost of mining operations to the environment. Over the past decades, the contribution of the mining sector to the de...

    This study investigates the relationship between extraversion/introversion personality dimension and the use of strategic competence (SC) in oral referential communication by Iranian EFL learners. Referential communication refers to a kind of guided communication in which the referents (or topics) are given to the speakers to convey their meanings to the listeners. 50 sophomore English stud...