The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that resulted in the COVID-19 global pandemic had consequently led to development of different types vaccines, including messenger RNA (mRNA) inactivated virus a protein subunit vaccine, and viral vector recombinant vaccines. Countries worldwide started their national vaccination program as soon vaccines got approved by World Heal...

Staphylococcus aureus mastitis remains a major challenge for dairy farming. Here, 24 mice were immunized and divided into four groups: G1: control; G2: Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) DNA vaccine; G3: F0F1 ATP synthase subunit ? (SAS), succinyl-diaminopimelate (SDD), cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CTS) recombinant proteins; G4: SAS+SDD+CTS plus GM-CSF vaccine. The lymphocy...

Recombinant subunit vaccines are some of the safest and most effective vaccines available, but their high cost and the requirement of advanced medical infrastructure for administration make them impractical for many developing world diseases. Plant-based vaccines have shifted that paradigm by paving the way for recombinant vaccine production at agricultural scale using an edible host. However, ...

Objective(s) Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality among the infectious diseases, especially in developing countries. One of the main goals in tuberculosis research is to identify antigens which have the ability of inducing cellular and/or humoral immunity in order to use them in diagnostic reagents or vaccine design. The aim of this study was to clone and express the TB'0.4 prot...

BACKGROUND Porcine contagious pleuropneumonia (PCP) is a highly contagious disease that is caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and characterized by severe fibrinous necrotizing hemorrhagic pleuropneumonia, which is a severe threat to the swine industry. In addition to APP RTX-toxins I (ApxI), APP RTX-toxin II (ApxII), APP RTX-toxin III (ApxIII) and Outer membrane protein (OMP), ther...

Recombinant subunit vaccines are an efficient strategy to meet the demands of a possible influenza pandemic, because of rapid and scalable production. However, vaccines made from recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) subunit protein are often of low potency, requiring high dose or boosting to generate a sustained immune response. We have improved the immunogenicity of a plant-made HA vaccine by chemic...

background: antibiotic resistance and the need for long-term treatments especially for chronic infections necessitate the developmentof a vaccine against pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.objectives: in this study, recombinant exotoxin a (domains i and ii), (exoa i-ii) protein was expressed, purifid and its immunologicalcharacteristics were evaluated in a mouse model.materials and methods: the g...

Although many countries have controlled the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) through strict management, there are still with record-breaking numbers new cases. Therefore, it is very important to develop a vaccine that can cause wide cross reactivity in clinical trials. At present, more than 90 vaccines entering trials and progressing smoothly, including i...