BACKGROUND Scientists disagree on whether prenatal malnutrition has long-term influences on women’s reproductive function, and empirical evidence of such long-term effects remains limited and inconsistent. METHODS Using the retrospective pregnancy history of 12,567 Chinese women collected in a nationally representative sample survey in 2001, this study conducted difference-indifferences analyse...

This paper proposes a working definition of the term gamification as the use of game design elements in non-game contexts. This definition is related to similar concepts such as serious games, serious gaming, playful interaction, and game-based technologies. Origins Gamification as a term originated in the digital media industry. The first documented uses dates back to 2008, but gamification on...

There has been a significant increase in opportunities to improve school environments in the UK. There has, however, been little study on the design of sheltered transitional spaces, despite growing architectural demand for this, examples of which can be easily found in most primary schools in the UK. Computer simulations (Rayman, Ecotect and Winair4) were performed to identify the influence of...

Better understanding of urban microclimate and bioclimate of any city is imperative today when the world is constrained by both urbanisation and global climate change. Urbanisation generally triggers changes in land cover and hence influencing the urban local climate. Dar es Salaam city in Tanzania is one of the fast growing cities. Assessment of its urban climate and the human biometeorologica...

Kentsel alanlar, iklim değişikliğinin yarattığı olumsuz etkilere karşı savunmasızdır ve bundan dolayı bu yoğun bir şekilde maruz kalmaktadırlar. Bu sebeple, şehir planlama sürecinde önemli gündem konularından biri etkilerini azaltmak amacı doğrultusunda kentler tasarlamaktır. iklimin ölçmek azaltabilmek için kentsel mikro (mikro klima) modellemelerinin doğruluğu yüksek yapılması önemlidir. Günü...

Bioclimatic comfort is the state of people in which they feel comfortable, happy, and fit atmospheric environment are. The bioclimatic conditions cities have changed depending on anthropogenic factors. aim this study to compare U?ak city between 1990 2018. In first stage, centre 2018 were determined according Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) index obtained from RayMan model by using h...

<p><em>A conservation area for mangrove forests and proboscis monkeys locates within a dense urban centre in Tarakan city. Its surrounding has rapidly transformed into condensing artificial structures with minimal vegetation cover. The study aims to determine the cooling effect of toward its surrounding. applies model assessment, which comprises ENVI-MET simulation air temperature d...

Many walkability indices have been developed by considering a range of specific indicators. However, comfort indicators at the neighbourhood scale and effects thermal generally not accounted for in such research. To this end, we propose index (CWI) micro-scale. The proposed tool is based on two questionnaires, 330 respondents answered first questionnaire, to evaluate relative coefficient each i...

Assessment of the big cities bioclimate during heat wave (HW) events is a highly topical issue and focus point for many researchers. Reliable results assessment stress (HS) intensity HWs form basis development implementation adaptation measures. In Ukraine, first HW studies started only few years ago, thermal comfort conditions these atmospheric phenomena have not been explored yet. The purpose...