We developed a compact system for the spectroscopic mapping of microstructure with nano-focused beam at soft X-ray beamline synchrotron radiation. The experimental setup comprises Wolter mirror and sample that are arranged two mounting stages. is aligned three degrees freedom, degrees. generates an 800-nm spot maps out chemical distribution non-uniform material through near-edge fine structure ...

The subject of structural health monitoring and damage identification of structures at the earliest possible stage has been a noteworthy topic for researchers in the last years. Modal strain energy (MSE) based index is one of the efficient methods which are commonly used for detecting damage in structures. It is also more effective and economical to employ some methods for reducing the degrees ...

in this paper the effects of non-linearity of suspension on dynamic behavior of a railway wheelset has been studied. this wheelset has four degrees of freedom that with two constraints it has reduced to two degrees of freedom. vermeulen-johnson theory has been used to calculate contact forces between wheel and rail. in this study the creep coefficients have considered constant. any linearizatio...

We study the collapse of a self-gravitating thick shell of bosons coupled to a scalar radiation field. Due to the non-adiabaticity of the collapse, the shell (quantum) internal degrees of freedom absorb energy from the (classical) gravitational field and are excited. The excitation energy is then emitted in the form of bursts of (thermal) radiation and the corresponding backreaction on the traj...

In this paper a new coherent multilevel transmission system is presented based on the modulation of all the optical field degrees of freedom (the four quadratures of the optical field). The transmitted symbols are represented in the space of the field quadratures by a square lattice of points, so that both the transmitter and the decision devices can be easily implemented. The proposed modulati...