We present a pragmatic, i.e. meaning-based, method for the information-structural analysis of corpus data, which is built on the idea that for any assertion contained in a text (or transcript of spoken discourse) there is an implicit Question under Discussion (QUD) that determines which parts of the assertion are focused or backgrounded (and which ones are not-at-issue, i.e. not part of the ass...

1 Al-Qasemi Academic College of Education, Baqa Al-Gharbiyye, Israel 2 Negev Regional Center for Research Development, Beer-Sheva, Israel 3 KAYE Academic College of Education, Beer-Sheva, Israel 4 Department of Human Development and Psychoeducational Studies, School of Education, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA 5 Department of Psychology, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Israel 6 National ...

endowment and its related issues have an age-old history in the history of mashhad and have continued in various forms in different historical periods. the apex of endowment development in mashhad has been in the safavid period, which has been a unique trend in iran’s history. endowment in mashhad has continued in the pahlavi period and of course it has been the continuation of a historical tra...