Political movements that engage in terrorism typically have too few material resources— personnel, funds, or territory under their control—to achieve their goals through legitimate political action or large-scale organized violence (Fromkin, 1975). Terrorist attacks are part of an indirect strategy for achieving their political objectives by influencing an audience (Crenshaw, 1981). These terro...

Abstract:Terrorism is a phenomenon that has spread to almost all parts of the world in the late 20th century and the beginning of the 21th century to the extent that many Middle East-ern countries have been subjected to such violence and unrest; in fact, with the advent of science and technology, particularly the global spread of the Internet and social net-works, the face of terrorism ha...

Islamophobia has its long historical roots. Nonetheless, religiously motivated terrorism and the use of name “Islam” by terrorist organizations such as Islamic State (IS) may have amplified Islamophobia. caused violence against Muslims in several stages contexts. This study was held to investigate whether could also happen among largest Muslim population, Indonesia, majority avoid being associa...

I n Central Asia, as in other regions of the world with large Muslim populations, opposition groups are increasingly turning to the ideas of militant Islam in their efforts to challenge authoritarian rule. Activists fromKokand to Kabul have learned that political Islam provides an unusually potent language of opposition. In Central Asia, a wide array of opposition movements—the Islamic Movement...

iran's islamic revolution as an unparalleled event in the final years of the twentieth century, have attracted the attention of many scholars and researchers in the social and political sciences.thus, different theories and approaches were used to study this phenomenon. most of these theories and approaches inclined to study the manner and circmstances or events leading to the triumph of t...

From Facebook groups and online gaming clans, to social movements and terrorist cells, groups of individuals aligned by interest, values or background are of increasing interest to social network researchers (Snow et al., 1980; Zheleva et al., 2009). In particular, understanding the structural and dynamic factors that influence the evolution of these groups remains an open challenge (Palla et a...