Background: The genus Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae comprises the members bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1), classical swine fever virus and border disease virus. The BVDV enveloped and the genome is a single-strand positive sense RNA molecule of approximately 12.3 kilobases in length. The genome is transcribed as a single open reading frame, fl anked by 5’ and 3’ untranslated...

Gum polysaccharides are comprised of different monosaccharide units joined together by O-glycosidic linkages. The structural diversity of different polysaccharides is due to differences in degree of polymerization, monosaccharide composition, chain shapes, and linkage types. Gum polysaccharides are commonly used in both food and nonfood industries as stabilizers, thickening and gelling agents, ...

Response ROBINSON AND BAUMGARTNER REFERENCE recent studies showing that when individuals living in poverty receive new products such as bednets or water purifi ers at no cost, their use patterns are similar to those who have purchased the same products (1, 2). Robinson and Baumgartner suggest that the same may be true for cookstoves. We agree that, especially for the poorest of the poor who are...

To live in good health and, in many ways, to live at all, people need a wide array of life-support benefi ts that derive from ecosystems. Collectively these are called ecosystem services , a term referring to the conditions and processes through which ecosystems, and the species that make them up, sustain and fulfi ll human life (Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1981 ; Daily 1997 ; Millennium Ecosystem Asse...

The authors regret that two of the fl ow cytometry histograms in Fig. 3 C were inadvertently duplicated. The corrected fi gure and its legend appear below. Figure 3. Tumor-infi ltrating T reg cells express functional OX40. (A) TILs were purifi ed from a pool of CT26 tumor nodules, and the CD4 + cell population was analyzed by fl ow cytometry (percentages are shown). As controls, CD4 + T cells w...

Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 synthesizes intracellular magnetic particles, magnetite (Fe3O4), enveloped by membrane called magnetosome under micro-aerobic conditions. Initial study of random transposon-based mutagenesis generated 62 nonmagnetic mutants of AMB-1 in a mini-Tn5 library. In order to identify a gene involved in bacterial magnetic particle (BMP) synthesis in the magnetic bacteri...

Thirty two apparently healthy local non descript cows were experimentally divided into two groups viz. treatment and control group having 16 animals each. The animals under treatment group were fed dried stem powder of Tinospora cordifolia (100 mg/ kg BW) by mixing it in concentrate mixture for a period of 5 days. The control group animals were fed equal amount of the basal concentrate mixture ...

Being free from the harsh post-growth treatments in strong acids, long time sonication, etc., directly grown single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) preserve their pristine structures and intrinsic properties, which make them ideal for highperformance electronic devices. [ 1–9 ] Integration of directly grown SWCNTs into such addressable devices is a crucial step and requirement for both fundame...

We have investigated the response of rat liver nuclear, nu clear envelope, and microsomal cytochrome P-450 (or P-448) to various treatments. Responses of these subcellular fractions to 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment were generally similar. In endoplasmic reticulum preparations, we observed an in crease in cytochrome P-450 content following phénobarbital pretreatment, which was reduced by su...

Background: Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious disease of pigs, and is characterized by a series of clinical symptoms, such as severe diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration. Partial protective antigen gene (COE gene) of S protein possessing the main B cell epitope, is able to encode proteins with reactogenicity to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies. IgY was found t...