ATLL is an aggressive malignancy of T cells that affects about 5% of individuals infected with HTLV-1. The precise mechanism of oncogenesis is not known, but there is evidence that two regulatory viral proteins, Tax and HBZ, are involved. A high set point proviral load is associated with development of ATLL or a chronic inflammatory condition, HAM/TSP. Several lines of evidence, including HLA c...

A growing body of evidence indicates that proviral DNA load quantitation is an important parameter in establishing the dynamics of HIV infection. Proviral DNA load can be determined during the follow-up of infected individuals to evaluate reservoir status in addition to viral replication. Hence, the study of viral reservoirs, represented by HIV-1 latently infected cells, including resting memor...

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and has also been implicated in several disorders, including periodontal disease. The proviral load is an important biological marker for understanding HTLV-1 pathogenesis and elucidating whether or not the virus is related to the clin...

The aim of this study was to analyze patients by deep sequencing the human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) region in order to determine if minor and/or major mutations in this promoter region might be associated with tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP)/human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy (HAM) outcome or proviral load or HTLV-1 expres...

We used mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) naturally infected with simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1) as a model for evaluating the influence of natural STLV-1 infection on the dynamics and evolution of the immune system during chronic infection. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the role of the immune system in controlling the infection during latency, we induced immunosuppression in the ...

OBJECTIVE(S) The aim of this study was to investigate the association between HLA class I alleles (HLA-A*02, HLA-A*24, HLA-Cw*08, HLA-B5401) and proviral load in HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraperesis (HAM/TSP) patients in Iranian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS 20 new cases of HAM/TSP patients and 30 HTLV-I infected healthy carriers were recruited. Peripheral blood sampl...

Analysis of the association between antibodies against bovine leukemia virus (BLV), BLV proviral load, and white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts was performed with 774 dairy cows. The average age, WBC counts and lymphoid cell counts tended to be higher in BLV antibody-positive cows than in antibody-negative cows. There was a similar trend in levels of proviral DNA. We analyzed age, WBC c...

human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-1) is an endemic virus in iran and other regions that is associated with multiple diseases including adult t-cell leukemia/ lymphoma and a chronic debilitating neuroinflammatory disease, htlv-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (ham/tsp). ham/tsp is seen in approximately 2% of htlv-1-infected people with symptoms such as back pain, weakne...

Elevated HIV-1 viral load (VL) observed in specimens frozen in situ in plasma preparation tubes (PPTs) compared to EDTA plasma specimens may affect therapeutic monitoring of HIV-infected patients. The increase in viral load is cell associated and minimized when plasma from the PPT is aspirated or recentrifuged prior to freezing. This study investigates the contribution of integrated HIV-1 provi...