The selective forces acting on a protein-coding gene are commonly inferred using evolutionary codon models by contrasting the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions to the rate of synonymous substitutions. These models usually assume that the synonymous substitution rate, Ks, is homogenous across all sites, which is justified if synonymous sites are free from selection. However, a growing body of ...

AIMS C-reactive protein represents the classical acute-phase protein produced in the liver in response to inflammatory stimuli. This study evaluated the association of gene polymorphisms with differences in C-reactive protein concentrations and assessed its intra-individual variability as a marker of individual response. METHODS AND RESULTS One thousand and three myocardial infarction (MI) su...

The present investigation was planned to understand the variability and inter-relationship among various nutritional quality attributes of maize kernels identify potential donors respective traits for future hybridization programs. Sixty-three inbred lines were processed estimation protein, starch, fat, sugar, 100-kernel weight, specific gravity, moisture level grain. results reveal that a wide...

Many proteins and signaling pathways are present in most cell types and tissues and yet perform specialized functions. To elucidate mechanisms by which these ubiquitous pathways are modulated, we overlaid information about cross-cell line protein abundance and variability, and evolutionary conservation onto functional pathway components and topological layers in the pathway hierarchy. We found ...

It is necessary to assess the state of nitrogen metabolism deepen control over usefulness feeding cattle and ensure prompt response nutritional imbalances diet adjustments. Nitrogen balance a key indicator metabolism. The authors presented results determining content variability indicators in Holstein Western Siberia. object study was bulls breed, obtained from four sires conditions industrial ...

Pivotal challenges in industrial biotechnology are the identification and overcoming of cell-to-cell heterogeneity in microbial processes. While the development of subpopulations of isogenic cells in bioprocesses is well described (intra-population variability), a possible variability between genetically identical cultures growing under macroscopically identical conditions (clonal variability) ...

Although RNA synthesis can be reliably controlled with different T7 transcriptional promoters during cell-free gene expression with the PURE system, protein synthesis remains largely unaffected. To better control protein levels, we investigated a series of ribosome binding sites (RBSs). Although RBS strength did strongly affect protein synthesis, the RBS sequence could explain less than half of...