avian pathogenic e. coli (apec) is responsible for economic losses in all poultry farms. certain virulence factors have been proposed as a means of controlling apec infections, including some proteins to be used for vaccination. in the study we report here, one of the major virulence factors, the iss (increased serum survival) gene, from e. coli strain χ1378, isolated from poultry colibacillosi...

background: sequence variations in glycoproteins of influenza virus surface impel us to design new candidate vaccines yearly. ectodomain of influenza m2 protein is a surface and highly conserved protein. m2e in influenza vaccines may eliminate the need for changing vaccine formulation every year. objectives: in this study, a recombinant baculovirus containing m2e and cholera toxin subunit b fus...

Background: Recombinant insulin glargine, a long-acting analogue of insulin, is expressed as proinsulin in host cell and after purification and refolding steps cleaved to active insulin by enzymatic digestion using trypsin and carboxypeptidase B. Since the proinsulin's B and C chains have several internal arginine and lysine residues, a number of impurities are generated following treatment wit...

Now, it is clear that protein is just one of the most functional products produced by the eukaryotic genome. Indeed, a major part of the human genome is transcribed to non-coding sequences than to the coding sequence of the protein. In this study, we selected three long non-coding RNAs namely AK082072, AK043754 and AK082467 which show brain expression and local region conservation among vertebr...

dna sequence, containing all genetic traits is not a functional entity. instead, it transfers to protein sequences by transcription and translation processes. this protein sequence takes on a 3d structure later, which is a functional unit and can manage biological interactions using the information encoded in dna. every life process one can figure is undertaken by proteins with specific functio...

Background: Dense granule antigens (GRA antigens) of Toxoplasma gondii induce strong antibody response in humans and are considered as useful diagnostic antigens. Previous studies reported expression of amino terminal GRA8 protein in fusion with large tags such as glutathione-S-transferase. The present study aimed to produce soluble full length immunogenic GRA8 in bacteria. Methods: GRA8 comple...

background: dense granule antigens (gra antigens) of toxoplasma gondii induce strong antibody response in humans and are considered as useful diagnostic antigens. previous studies reported expression of amino terminal gra8 protein in fusion with large tags such as glutathione-s-transferase. the present study aimed to produce soluble full length immunogenic gra8 in bacteria. methods: gra8 comple...

A profile hidden Markov model (PHMM) is widely used in assigning protein sequences to protein families. In this model, the hidden states only depend on the previous hidden state and observations are independent given hidden states. In other words, in the PHMM, only the information of the left side of a hidden state is considered. However, it makes sense that considering the information of the b...