the prophet of mecca had to do with scripture and the verses imply association or civic or have an audience beyond the book. research on the views of commentator's earliest origins of this belief is shown and reflect on research-based science learning orientalist and charge of the book of the prophet in mecca, stout field of contemporary interpretations reveal the default. but this view is...

undoubtedly, legislation in any governmental system is based on its intellectual – philosophical foundations and special ideology. hence, in an islamic society, religious rules must be criteria of legislation in order to make those laws authentic and valid for the people. in this research, we have reviewed the historical past of the argument shortly, and have studied various possibilities for c...

The German jurist Helmut Nicolai (1895–1955) was a convinced racist even before 1933 and did not change his attitude after 1945. He believed in the scientific justifiability of racism on basis contemporary racial theories. In early years Hitler’s dictatorship, rose to become senior official National Socialist state administration. published numerous works attempting establish “philosophy law” “...

in islamic jurisprudence, juridical disagreement means dispute between islamic jurists to confirm a comment or proscribe another. disagreement is arising from contradict reasons or jurist concepts. whether concern other concepts is necessary or not, is a contradict matter. in the shafi'ite's jurist opinion avoidance from diversity is recommended for all jurists and followers. it means...

The Holy Quran was descended from Almighty Allah to the Holy Prophet (AS) about the last 14 centuries and there has been a time interval between descent of the Quran and its existing readers and commentators. This Question is posed whether this time interval between descent of the Quran and commentator will effect on verses understanding and their commentary or not? As one of commentary princip...

dividing the jurists into akhbārī (traditionist) and uṣūlī (legal theorist) is the most important division that dichotomizes the imāmī jurists into two groups. in jurisprudential and legal (uṣūlī) books, there are many instances of characterizing a jurist as akhbārī or uṣūlī, but what is important in this division is the criterion for this division. what is manifested in the first place as the ...

This paper considers the emerging phenomenon of crowdsourced cartography in relation to ideas about the organisation of contemporary knowledge production in capitalist societies. Taking a philosophical perspective that views mapping as a processual, creative, productive act, constructed through citational, embodied, and contextual experiences, we examine how we might profi tably analyse collabo...