Thioridazine toxicity has been described as a 'progressive chorioretinopathy', but this designation can be misleading. During the first year after thioridazine exposure retinal pigmentation evolves from a granular to a patchy or nummular appearance. However, visual function and the electroretinogram typically improve during this period. Some cases may show chorioretinal atrophy and functional l...

Branch and hemisphere vein occlusion were produced in rhesus monkeys by argon laser photocoagulation. The following observations were made: (1) Immediately after occlusion there was venous dilatation, delayed filling of the artery, delayed drainage by the occluded vein, and capillary leakage. (2) Two patterns of evolution were identified within the first week. In some animals the fundus changes...

OBJECTIVE Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of neurodegenerative disorder with deposition of iron in the brain (mainly Basal Ganglia) leading to a progressive Parkinsonism, spasticity, dystonia, retinal degeneration, optic atrophy often accompanied by psychiatric manifestations and cognitive decline. 8 of the 10 genetically defined NBIA types are inherited as auto...

Hereditary retinal dystrophies are clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of conditions, many which have similar symptoms functional findings, making correct diagnosis difficult. Bietti corneoretinal dystrophy is a rare form hereditary with an autosomal recessive mode inheritance. With this dystrophy, yellow-white crystals visualized on the retina progressive atrophy pigment epithelium,...

Glaucoma is a progressive, multifactorial optic neuropathy characterised by acquired atrophy of the optic nerve due to the loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons in the retina. Thus, evaluation of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) is key to diagnosing and monitoring changes in patients with glaucoma. Until recently, red-free fundus photographs were the clinical standard for evaluatin...

Idiopathic multifocal choroiditis (MFC) and/or punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC) describe a chronic progressive bilateral inflammatory chorioretinopathy that predominantly affect healthy myopic white women with no known associated systemic or ocular diseases. The principal sites of involvement are the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retinal spaces; the choroid is not affected during...