Task variation is an integrative method aiming at the importance of learner-to-learner interactions in a wide range of learning contexts and fostering authentic use of language and meaningful communication. This study investigated the impact of task variation on the accuracy and complexity of Iranian EFL learners’ oral speech. In so doing, 80 intermediate EFL learners, majoring English at the I...

PURPOSE Cognitive load theory, focusing on limits of the working memory, is relevant to medical education; however, factors associated with cognitive load during procedural skills training are not well characterized. The authors sought to determine how features of learners, patients/tasks, settings, and supervisors were associated with three types of cognitive load among learners performing a s...

This study examined the effects of cognitive task complexity increase on the complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) as well as the temporal distribution of the cognitive and metacognitive processes involved in computer-mediated L2 written production. To this end, the study employed a between-subjects experimental design with 85 EFL learners from a language learning institute in Iran. Participa...

Task  repetition  is  now  considered  as  an  important  task-based  implementation  variable  which can affect complexity, accuracy, and fluency of L2 speech. However, in order to move towards theorizing  the  role  of  task  repetition  in  second  language  acquisition,  it  is  necessary  that individual variables be taken into account. The present study aimed to investigate the way task r...

In this article we consider finite automata networks and make some connections between the two most classical deterministic update schedules: parallel one (all are updated all together) sequential ones (the periodically at a time according to total order). Given network h with n automata, where each automaton has q possible states, cost of sequentialization is minimum number additional required...

Style and strategies in EFL learning contexts and the effects of task types were explored to enhance language learning strategies. Using a quantitative pre-test, post-test design and interviews, this study investigated the effects of procedural and declarative learning strategies on EFL learners’ acquisition of English past tense performing narrative tasks. The participants were 396 male and fe...

Building formal models of the world and using them to plan future action is a central problem in artificial intelligence. In this work, we combine two well-known approaches to this problem, namely, reactive hierarchical task networks (HTNs) and symbolic linear planning. The practical motivation for this hybrid approach was to recover from breakdowns in HTN execution by dynamically invoking symb...

This paper describes an investigation into ATC complexity as a contributory factor in changes of safety level. ATC complexity, together with equipment interface and procedural demands comprise the task demands on the controller; subsequent controller activities are mediated by performance shaping factors to create workload. In order to establish a link between ATC complexity, a controller’s sub...

In this study, a comparison of static (illustration and text annotation) and dynamic (video with audio annotation) delivery of procedural instructions on a highly spatial task is made. Two groups completed three origami paper-folding tasks, after which they answered a preferences questionnaire and then were asked to re-do the first origami task from memory. The results indicated a general advan...