with the ‘uthmānī muṣḥaf (copy of the qur’ān) having been inscribed and formalized, and upon the necessitation of reciting the qur’ān according to its orthography, the other muṣḥafs, including the muṣḥaf of ubayy b. ka‘b, gradually lost their competence. nevertheless, the ‘uthmānī muṣḥaf found its own qārīs (reciters) and qarā‘as and abū bakr b, mujāhid presented the qarā‘a of his own selection...

A nonbinary Ford sequence is a de Bruijn sequence generated by simple rules that determine the priorities of what symbols are to be tried first, given an initial word of size n which is the order of the sequence being generated. This set of rules is generalized by the concept of a preference function of span n − 1, which gives the priorities of what symbols to appear after a substring of size n...

Preference–approval structure combines the preference information of both ranking and approval, which extends ordinal model by incorporating two categories choice alternatives, that is, acceptable (good) unacceptable (bad), in modeling process. In this study, we present some axioms imply existence a unique distance function preference–approval structures. Based on theoretical analysis simulatio...

in most of the multi–criteria decision–analysis (mcda) problems in which the choquet integral is used as aggregation function, the coefficients of choquet integral (capacity) are not known in advance. actually, they could be calculated by capacity definition methods. in these methods, the preference information of decision maker (dm) is used to constitute a possible solution space. the methods ...

Objective: The aim of this study was to validate the well-recognized outcome measure instruments (Medical Outcome Study Short Form-SF-36, Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index-WOMAC, McMaster Toronto Arthritis Patient Preference Disability Questionnaire-MACTAR) for patients who had undergone total knee arthroplasty in Iran, with its cultural and ethnic differences and com...