Stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces not only innate but also adaptive immune responses, and has been suggested to exert adjuvant effects. Additional to such positive effects, pre-stimulation of TLR4 induces endotoxin tolerance where animals are unresponsive to subsequent lethal challenges with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We examined the effects of pre-stimulation of TLR4 using an a...

This study aimed at establishing baseline key epidemiological parameters for varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection in Vojvodina, Serbia, with the ultimate goal to quantify the VZV transmission potential in the population. Seroprevalence data generated during the first large cross-sectional VZV serosurvey were modelled, using a two-tiered modelling approach to calculate age-specific forces of i...

The immunization records of all children born between 1 January 1976 and 31 December 1980, currently registered with the practice, were checked in a study of the uptake of pre-school immunization. Distinction was made between children born into the study practice and those who had moved into the practice from elsewhere.Within the practice the uptake rates of all immunizations had increased over...

background and objectives: enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157:h7 has been recognized as a major food borne pathogen responsible for frequent hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. cattle are important reservoirs of e. coli o157:h7, in which the organism colonizes the intestinal tract and is shed in the feces. objective: vaccination of cattle has significant pot...

An Adverse Event Following Immunization (AEFI) is an adverse reaction to a vaccination that goes above and beyond the usual side effects associated with vaccinations. One serious AEFI related to the smallpox vaccine is myopericarditis. Metabolomics involves the study of the low molecular weight metabolite profile of cells, tissues, and biological fluids, and provides a functional readout of the...

BACKGROUND In spite of the clear-cut guidelines regarding tetanus immunization, we have observed that tetanus toxoid injection is often given after injury without considering previous immunization status. One of the reasons for this could be that the doctors themselves are not aware of the correct immunization schedules against tetanus. AIMS 1. To assess the knowledge about tetanus immunizati...

BACKGROUND Administrative databases provide efficient methods to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) against severe outcomes in the elderly but are prone to intractable bias. This study returns to one of the linked population databases by which IVE against hospitalization and death in the elderly was first assessed. We explore IVE across six more recent influenza seasons, including p...

OBJECTIVES This study was performed to search for changes in rat pineal function attributed to age and immunization with Freund's adjuvant. METHODS Young (2 months) and old (18-20 months) Wistar rats were injected s.c. with Freund's adjuvant or its vehicle. Eighteen days later, at the acute phase of arthritis, pineal concentration of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), nore...

A non-human primate model for the induction of protective immunity against the pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium vivax malaria using radiation-attenuated P. vivax sporozoites may help to characterize protective immune mechanisms and identify novel malaria vaccine candidates. Immune responses and protective efficacy induced by vaccination with irradiated P. vivax sporozoites were evaluated i...