Abstract This paper analyzes candidate schemes for PPP/PPP-RTK (precise point positioning/real-time kinematic) data authentication. Asymmetric are proposed based on existing standards and compatible with GNSS messages. Post-quantum cryptographic signatures also reviewed discussed. Two selected analysis: digital signature (DS) ECDSA, delayed disclosure (DD) a hybrid scheme using the TES...

The circadian clock is a ubiquitous timekeeping system that organizes the behavior and physiology of organisms over the day and night. Current models rely on transcriptional networks that coordinate circadian gene expression of thousands of transcripts. However, recent studies have uncovered phylogenetically conserved redox rhythms that can occur independently of transcriptional cycles. Here we...

Our aim was to evaluate haptic virtual reality (VR) simulation with repetitive training as a tool in teaching caries removal (CR) and periodontal pocket probing (PPP) skills. For the CR simulation, multilayered virtual models composed of tooth substance, caries, and pulp were developed. Seven students completed three training sessions each, which were scored based on the volume of the cut regio...

It is found for the last two decades that there has been a rapid rise of PPPs across the world. A government in developing countries like India is using PPP arrangements for improved delivery of infrastructure services and social services. Public Private Partnerships which are an integral part of the new paradigm of good governance policy is the most recent addition in the world of society and ...

In this paper the author formulates and tests an international intertemporal capital asset pricing model in the presence of deviations from purchasing power parity (II-CAPM [PPP]). He finds evidence in favor of at least mild segmentation of international equity markets in which only global market risk appears to be priced. When using the Hansen & Jagannathan (1991, 1997) variance bounds and dis...

As a generalization of the traditional path protection (PP) scheme in WDM networks where a backup path is needed for each active path, the partial path protection (PPP) scheme uses a collection of backup paths to protect an active path, where each backup path in the collection protects one or more links on the active path such that every link on the active path is protected by one of the backup...

PPP-RTK is integer ambiguity resolutionenabled precise point positioning. In this contribution, we present the principles of PPP-RTK, together with a review of different mechanizations that have been proposed in the literature. By application of S-system theory, the estimable parameters of the different methods are identified and compared. Their interpretation is essential for gaining a proper ...

This paper examines whether deviations from PPP are stationary in the presence of nonlinearity, and whether the adjustment towards PPP is symmetric from above and below. Using alternative nonlinear models, our results support mean reversion and asymmetric adjustment dynamics. We find differences in magnitudes, frequencies and durations of the deviations of exchange rates from fixed and time-var...