any change in the refractive index of a laser active medium can lead to serious degradation of beam quality, laser beam modes, laser performance and variation in the intensity distribution. alteration in the refractive index of laser active medium is especially notable in high power lasers. it is clear that in the laser beam production, the pumping agent induces a great amount of heat which...

In conventional power systems, frequency and voltage deviations are chosen as indexes for characterizing conventional power system security. While  in an autonomous micro grid with Electronically Interfaced Distributed Generation (EIDG), frequency and voltage deviations  against power and loads disturbances perfectly controlled by f-P and V-Q controller. Unlike conventional power syst...

Abstract: Deploying Distributed Generation (DG) units has increased due to yearly increase of electric energy demand and technological advancements beyond Smart Grid. Although, DGs offer several advantages such as reducing economic costs and environmental impacts, the operation of these units in power systems creates several problems. In this paper, optimal allocation and sizing of DG units in ...