Desmostylia is a clade of marine mammals belonging to either Tethytheria or Perissodactyla. Rich fossil records of Desmostylia were found in the Oligocene to Miocene strata of the Northern Pacific Rim, especially in the northwestern region, which includes the Japanese archipelago. Fossils in many shapes and forms, including whole or partial skeletons, skulls, teeth, and fragmentary bones have b...

Case Report During routine dissection of a male cadaver, of unknown age and ethnicity, the left brachial artery was found to be tortuous. It was observed that the superficial brachial artery was arising from the third part of the axillary artery proximal to the origin of the posterior and anterior circumflex humeral arteries (Figures 1, 2). On following it in the arm, it was observed that at th...

Quadrilateral space syndrome (QSS) is a rare nerve entrapment disorder that occurs when the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA) become compressed in the quadrilateral space. QSS presents as vague posterolateral shoulder pain that is exacerbated upon the abduction and external rotation of the shoulder. Diagnosis of QSS is difficult because of the vague presentation of Q...

Axillary neuropathy due to entrapment of the nerve in the quadrilateral space is seen rarely. Here, we describe a 24-year-old patient diagnosed with isolated axillary neuropathy that mimicked quadrilateral space syndrome. Quadrilateral or quadrangular space syndrome (QSS), first described by Cahill and Palmer in 1983, was defined as the entrapment of the distal branch of the axillary nerve and ...

Axillary artery is a continuation of subclavian artery, extending from the outer border of first rib to the lower border of teres major muscle. During routine dissection for the undergraduate medical students, a rare variations was seen in an approximately 55-year-old male cadaver. This case showed a variation in branching pattern of right axillary and subscapular arteries. The subscapular arte...

Injury of the left circumflex coronary artery is a potentially serious complication of mitral valve surgery due to the proximity of the vessel to the posterior segment of the mitral annulus. Suture-related distortion of the artery with partial or subtotal occlusion is the most commonly implicated mechanism. Herein, we present a case of symptomatic iatrogenic circumflex coronary artery stenosis ...

A case of anomalous terminal branching of the axillary artery was encountered and described in a left upper limb of a male cadaver. A series of 214 upper limbs of Caucasian race was dissected. A variant artery, stemming from the very end of the axillary artery followed a superficial course distally. It passed the cubital fossa, ran on the lateral side of the forearm as usual radial artery, cros...