BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE The decline in fertility rates and the increase in life expectancy have changed the demographic structure of many countries substantially and entail long-term economic implications too. Population aging has adverse effects on countries' economies, especially with respect to the social security system and the welfare structure. METHODS Given the importance of the phenome...

Crystal size distribution (CSD) in metamorphic rocks provide fundamental information about crystal nucleation and growth rate, growth time and the degree of overstepping. CSD data for garnet, staurolite, kyanite and andalusite crystals from the aureole demonstrate that the earliest formed of these minerals, garnet, has the highest population density and the shortest growth time. The last formed...

Persistent low fertility rates lead to lower population growth rates and eventually also to decreasing population sizes in most industrialized countries. There are fears that this demographic development is associated with declines in per capita GDP and possibly also increasing inequality of the wage distribution. We investigate whether this is true in the context of neoclassical growth models,...

Tree size distributions have long been of interest to ecologists and foresters because they reflect fundamental demographic processes. Previous studies have assumed that size distributions are often associated with population trends or with the degree of shade tolerance. We tested these associations for 31 tree species in a 20 ha plot in a Dinghushan south subtropical forest in China. These spe...

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 1997, 50 years after the partitioning of United India from the British Raj. For Pakistan (fig 1), this was also a time to evaluate the health and population status of its people. In Pakistan, during the 1940s, population growth rates begin to accelerate as health improvements lengthened life expectancy and birth rates remained hi...

This paper relates national fertility rates to political factors. I first review evidence that community norms affect fertility, ethnic groups compete politically in many countries, and a group’s relative size affects its ability to compete. This evidence jointly suggests that population growth and fertility may be public goods at the ethnic group level in diverse societies. Next, I present a s...

This paper provides a personal perspective on the rich discussions at the Bixby Forum. The size, rate of growth and age structure of the human population interact with many other key factors, from environmental change to governance. While the details of future interactions are sometimes difficult to predict, taken together they pose sombre threats to a socially and economically sustainable futu...

In the light of previous literature fertility determines different economic, social and program inputs variables. The main object of this study to investigate the impact of sector specific (health and education) foreign aid on fertility in case of Pakistan. For empirical investigation Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) is used over the period of 1973-2012. The results of the study sho...

Investments in education, particularly in girls’ education, can play an important role in promoting demographic changes conducive to slower population growth. Increased education raises the mean length of generation, that is, the amount of time a cohort of women takes to reproduce itself. Increased education is also associated with better utilization of public health and family planning service...

The world’s population was 6 billion at the turn of the twenty-first century. It is projected to reach 9.4 billion in 2050 and will stabilize at slightly less than 11 billion about 2200. Global rates of population growth peaked at 2.04% per annum in the late 1960s but subsequently declined to 1.33% in the late 1990s and are projected to continue to decline. The cause of the decline has been a r...