The polyol pathway is one of the possible biochemical mechanisms by which hyperglycemia could impair the function and structure of the cells affected by diabetic complications. As possible hypothesis for the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, the polyol osmotic theory, alterations in myo-inositol and sodium metabolism, intermediary metabolites, abnormal changes of the redox state (NADH/NAD...

In this report it is shown that glycerol (0.5-10% v/v) stimulate the C12-E9-solubilized renal (Ca(2+)+Mg2+)ATPase in the presence of low concentrations of free Ca2+ (< 10(-6) M). At 4% (v/v), the polyol decreases the K0.5 for Ca2+ from 1.15 to 0.22 microM at the high-affinity site, and a very-high-affinity Ca2+ component appears. This component has a K0.5 < or = 10(-9) M and its maximal velocit...

Hyperalgesia to noxious stimuli is accompanied by increased spinal cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein in diabetic rats. The present studies were initiated to establish causality between increased spinal COX-2 activity and hyperalgesia during diabetes and to assess the potential involvement of polyol pathway activity in the pathogenesis of spinally mediated hyperalgesia. Rats with 1, 2, or 4 weeks o...

Pharmaceutical preparations usually contain preservatives and sweeteners. When parabens are used as preservatives and a polyol as a sweetener, a transesterification reaction may happen, yielding the transester polyol-paraben. The products formed in the transesterification reaction of methylparaben and sorbitol were analyzed by micellar electrokinetic chromatography and by HPLC. Up to six positi...

To manufacture high bio-content degradable polyurethane-coated fertilizer, the co-liquefaction of corn straw and starch was carried out to convert more biomass into bio-polyol so as substitute petroleum-based polyol. The effect ratio on liquefaction behavior mainly investigated by monitoring acid value, hydroxyl rate. Both chemical structures properties bio-polyols their coatings were character...

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Enzymes can generally use either NADPH or NADH, but not both. Reactions requiring the input of electrons as hydride ions are usually catalyzed by enzymes specific for NADPH. Fig. 29.1. Fructose. The sugar fructose is found in the diet as the free sugar in foods such as honey or as a component of the disaccharide sucrose in fruits and sweets. It also can be synthesized from glucose via the polyo...

Butyrolactol A is an antifungal polyketide of Streptomyces bearing an uncommon tert-butyl starter unit and a polyol system in which eight hydroxy/acyloxy carbons are contiguously connected. Except for its congener butyrolactol B, there exist no structurally related natural products to date. In this study, inspired by our previous genomic analysis, incorporation of 13C- and 2H-labeled precursors...