objective(s): as t-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (tim-3) is an immune regulatory molecule; its blocking or stimulating could alter the pattern of immune response towards a desired condition. based on the unique features of nanobodies, we aimed to construct an anti-tim-3 nanobody as an appropriate tool for manipulating immune responses for future therapeutic purposes. materials and meth...

antibodies provide a suitable tool in fundamental research and their high affinity and specificity make them invaluable for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. a promising alternative to conventional antibodies are the heavy chain antibodies (vhh) of camelidae having short length, high solubility and stability are preferred to other antibody derivatives. in this study, our goal was product...

southern margin of the caspian sea due to keeping of domestic animals and abundance of surface water reservoirs is prone to infection with leptospira sp.. this study was performed to determine anti-leptospira antibody frequency in golestan province, southeast of the caspian sea in the north of iran. this study was performed on 1028 people in golestan province. sampling was stratified. leptospir...

neonatal tetanus (nt) is a leading cause of neonatal mortality in many parts of the world. tetanus is a vaccine-preventable disease and is second only to measles worldwide as a cause of childhood mortality. in this study the various irnrnunoglobulin classes of anti-tetanus antibody in the sera of 105 iranian women of childbearing age (13-45 years) were titrated by enzyme linked immunosorbent as...

anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies have been detected in patients with some autoimmune and vascular diseases such as wegner's granulomatosis, polyarthritis nodosa and systemic lupus erythematosus. indirect immunofluorescence technique has been employed to detect these autoantibodies. by this method, two general patterns of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were seen: a cytoplasmic (...

aim : the aim of this study was to discuss the prevalence of celiac disease (cd) in dyspeptic patients. background : although severe mucosal abnormality with villous atrophy (lesions marsh iii) is at present the gold standard for the diagnosis of cd, presentation with non-specific microenteropathy (marsh i-ii) with positive serology is also common. patients with dyspepsia, specific cd antibodie...

Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are a new class of drugs that combine chemosynthetic with antibody through linker. the targeting characteristics traditional cytotoxic small molecule drugs, while reducing side effects both making them kind “biological missile” and representing relatively evolving anti-cancer drugs. Antibody-coupled currently used in many solid tumors, this article reviews clinic...

background: cigarette smoking has been linked with the suppression of immune responses and increased susceptibility to numerous infections in humans. tetanus is also a major public health problem in many countries. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of anti-tetanus toxin antibodies in c igarette smoking and healthy non-smoking people .   materials and methods: a total...

introduction: antifertility effects of naturally occuring antisperm antibody (asa) in infertile couples and studies on experimental immunization of various animals with sperm antigens represent asa as an immunocontraceptive target. the effects of different factors on sperm immunogenecity and asa production have been studied and different results have been reported. in this study, whole sperm im...