This study examines the impact of economic growth and FDI on environmental degradation in Indonesia through a two-hypotheses model. Environmental is crucial matter that needs attention often associated with required by developing countries. Based externality theory, this uses EKC hypothesis, followed pollution haven vs. halo. With time series data from 1980–2021, two hypothesis models were esti...

Pollution-intensive industries are generally characterized by imperfect competition, increasing returns to scale and large transportation costs. We investigate two countries, N and S, each with two sectors. Manufacturing generates cross-border pollution which reduces agricultural production. Firms can freely move across country borders, but not workers. First, we show that pollution lowers loca...

Economic theory suggests that liberalization of trade between countries with differing levels of environmental protection could lead pollution-intensive industry to concentrate in the nations where regulations are lax. This effect, often referred to as the “pollution haven” hypothesis, is much discussed in theory, but finds only ambiguous support in empirical research to date. Methodologies use...

Unlike previous research on foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth, and pollution, this study focuses investigating complex interactions specifically. A dynamic simultaneous equation model is adopted, together with the one-step systematic GMM, drawn upon to empirically analyze 30 Chinese provinces between 2006 2017. The results show that FDI does promote growth in China which, turn, p...

The paper tests the pollution haven hypothesis in context of three economies on borders European Union Mediterranean Basin: Greece, Italy, and Turkey. Large differences soft hard aspects green behaviour are revealed. Multinational firms found to be more likely use ‘soft talk’ strategies across economies. Yet research also reveals that multinationals often energy-intensive. Data for electricity ...

There are discussions in the literature on whether there disadvantages terms of environmental quality and economic advantages provided by foreign direct investments developing countries. These discussions, which were studied within framework Pollution Haven Hypothesis, have been subject many empirical studies. This study aims to investigate relationship between carbon emissions, growth, amount ...