various criteria are involved impacting trend of art and literature in a society. socio-political infrastructure and changes within it are of the parameters affecting literature in a society. in 19th century in iran, literature and poetry in particular was reformed fundamentally under impact of socio political structure. courtier poetry was replaced by practical protest one to achieve this whil...

Haroldo V. Ribeiro, ∗ Luiz G. A. Alves, Alvaro F. Martins, Ervin K. Lenzi, and Matjaž Perc 5, 6, † Departamento de F́ısica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil Departamento de F́ısica, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900, Brazil Faculty...

We study the constrained Pareto efficient allocations in a dynamic production economy in which the group in political power decides the allocation of resources. We show that Pareto efficient allocations take a quasi-Markovian structure and can be represented recursively as a function of the identity of the group in power and updated Pareto weights. For high discount factors, the economy ultimat...

This article seeks to analyze the allocation of federal government discretionary spending among Brazil’s states. In Brazil, the bulk of federal public budget must be compulsorily executed. Personnel expenditures and social taxes, social security benefits and a series of constitutionally mandatory transfers to states and municipalities are examples of expenditures over which the government has n...

transaction cost economics (williamson, 1985) is a theory of the firm in new institutional economics that has been applied for analysing economic transaction; especially, make-or-buy decisions or vertical mergers in firms. the contribution of this paper is applying this theory for a political issue that is party formation. transaction cost economics links the party formation to the transaction ...

Ilona Kickbusch’s thought provoking editorial is criticized in this commentary, partly because she fails to refer to previous critical work on the global conditions and policies that sustain inequality, poverty, poor health and damage to the biosphere and, as a result, she misreads global power and elides consideration of the fundamental historical structures of political and material power tha...

structure and function of socio – economic systems present different spatial effects in different countries of the world. in this study, structure and function of social and economical systems is analyzed to identify of changes within urban spatial structure. in tehran, effects of political and economic factor is analyzed for identification of changes of its spatial structure and its periphery ...

the state of post revolutionary iran adopted economic policies over 1980-1988 which we can phrase redistributive economic policies. according to a part of revolutionary literature, adoption of these policies by the post revolutionary state is, partly, one of the structural features of that state. but it is not a main debate of this article. rather, basic concern of the article, as some of the p...