Split window (SW) methods, which have been successfully used to retrieve measurements of land surface temperature (LST) and sea surface temperature (SST) from MODIS images, were exploited to evaluate the SST data of three sections of Italian coastal waters. For this purpose, sea surface emissivity (SSE) values were estimated by adding the effects of salinity and total suspended particulate matt...

There has been an established myth of stereotype traits which good political leaders must possess, but which unfortunately as interpreted by many, are generally lacking in a typical engineer, making him unfit for such positions. In this paper, reflections and justifications why engineers are fit for leadership positions were made. It discusses some of the engineering potentials like creativity,...

Women’s political representation has been for decades ahead of women’s rights movement. However, women presence in politics is not only limited to women political participation but their position in party politics as well. This paper aims to analyze the role of parties in empowering women at the UK parliament and tries to contribute towards the existing literature through presenting an interdis...

How do measures to increase turnout affect election outcomes? I use a novel approach to analyze how these measures influence both voter turnout and the candidates’ political positions. Generally, lowering the net expense of voting reduces political polarization. If the net expense of voting is made very low, then candidates no longer have an incentive to take partisan positions to motivate turn...

This paper investigates an abstract game of political competition between two parties. All political positions are represented by points in a plane, and the parties choose positions that are as close as possible to the greatest number of voters, that are divided into a finite number of types. To adapt the problem to various political landscapes (different countries, for example), one simply ass...

Almost all African states experience substantial and widespread political insecurity in a variety of forms. This analysis explains how relationships between groups and governments create incentives and disincentives for distinct forms of political violence to emerge. It argues that ethno-regional communities across Africa are situated within a power hierarchy that determines their relative impo...

It has been known for some time that voters use social and political groups to infer politicians’ positions on various issues, but relatively little is known about what factors moderate the use of cues such as a candidate’s race, gender, or political party. In this paper I develop a formal information-processing model based on categorization psychology to investigate the impact of factors such ...

Voters tend to misattribute issue positions to political candidates that are consistent with their partisan affiliation, even though these candidates have never explicitly stated or endorsed such stances. The prevailing explanation in political science is that voters misattribute candidates' issue positions because they use their political knowledge to make educated but incorrect guesses. We su...

Ostensibly theoretical disputes in political science often involve competing approaches to explanation. Competing positions include skepticism, covering law arguments, reconstructions of propensities, system models, and explanations featuring causal mechanisms. Mechanismand process-based accounts including cognitive, environmental, and relational effects deserve more attention than they have re...