f b w t ( t g s p t n p Many RNA viruses encode more than one gene on a single genomic RNA. Yet only the first gene, or open reading frame (ORF), on a normal eukaryotic mRNA is translated. Thus, downstream genes on viral genomes are expressed either via novel translational events or, more commonly, by deployment of subgenomic mRNAs (sgRNAs). Subgenomic RNAs of positive-strand viruses have the s...

The occurrence of the primer-independent cDNA synthesis during RT-PCR analysis of human and animal RNA viruses has been well documented. Conversely, there is scant knowledge about this event in plant RNA viruses. Here we show that the primer-independent cDNA synthesis occurs in all eight different plant RNA viruses tested in this study, suggesting a common phenomenon for RT-PCR analysis of plan...

It has been well established that monoclonal antibodies, since their initial description', play an important role on biological research . This technique has also been applied to studies on plant virus2·6> and this aspect was reviewed >. The basic characteristics of monoclonal antibodies are that (1) the antibody specifically reactive with one epitope can be obtained, (2) a hybridoma clone, onc...

Plant viruses, the simple obligate intracellular parasites with small genomes, rely entirely on host machineries for their life cycle including replication, intracellular (cell-to-cell) and systemic movement (Nelson and Citovsky, 2005). Virus infections pose serious threats to agriculture and cause huge economic losses. Despite encoding only a limited number of proteins, numerous interactions o...

Plants have developed numerous approaches to resist infection by viruses. On the other hand, in many instances viruses have evolved to overcome these various resistance responses and barriers. The extent to which viruses can overcome some or all of these responses and barriers determines the extent to which they are able to colonize plants of a given genotype or species. Resistance against plan...

A large-scale oligonucleotide (LSON) chip was developed for the detection of the plant viruses with known genetic information. The LSON chip contains two sets of 3,978 probes for 538 species of targets including plant viruses, satellite RNAs and viroids. A hundred forty thousand probes, consisting of isolate-, species- and genus-specific probes respectively, are designed from 20,000 of independ...

Plant virus infectious clones are important tools with wide-ranging applications in different areas of biology and medicine. Their uses in plant pathology include the study of plant-virus interactions, and screening of germplasm as part of prebreeding programmes for virus resistance. They can also be modified to induce transient plant gene silencing (Virus Induced Gene Silencing - VIGS) and as ...