The strength and outcome of interspecific interactions often vary across the landscape because of differences in community context. We investigated how the presence or absence of pine squirrels (Tamiasciurus spp.) influences the ecology and (co)evolution of seeddispersal mutualisms between Clark’s Nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) and limber (Pinus flexilis) and whitebark (P. albicaulis) pines...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sex allocation has been studied mainly in small herbaceous plants but much less in monoecious wind-pollinated trees. The aim of this study was to explore changes in gender segregation and sex allocation by Pinus halepensis, a Mediterranean lowland pine tree, within tree crowns and between trees differing in their size or crown shape. METHODS The production of new male and ...

The U.S. Forest Service has monitored longleaf pine cone production at sites throughout the southeastern United States for over 60 years. Data from multi-decadal surveys have supported our understanding of variability stand-level as it relates to environmental and ecological processes, more broadly, how operates a masting species. Cones are counted each spring using visual that follow standard ...

Red pine cone and barks combined with red pine wood particles in various proportions were used as the raw materials for one and three layered experimental particleboard manufacturing in laboratory conditions. The pine cones and barks have higher lignin, but lower holocellulose content compare to wood. For bark-based panels, the highest MOR (2.52 MPa) corresponded to the lowest thickness swellin...

This study proposed a novel method for preparing activated carbon from Australian Pine cones (APCs) to optimize Pb(II) adsorption. Based on an analysis conducted, the APCs dried powder consisted of approximately 51.32 wt% of cellulose and 21.15 wt% of lignin on average. Experiments in batch mode at 100-rpm stirring speed, pH 4.7 (± 0.3) and 27 oC (± 2 o</su...

In highly variable environments, conditions can be so stressful in some years that entire populations forgo reproduction in favor of higher likelihood of surviving to breed in future years. In two out of five years, Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga Columbiana) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem exhibited population-wide failure to breed. Clark's nutcrackers at the study site experienced substan...