PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY ............................................................................ 117 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PR PERTIES ............................................................ 119 Time Constants and Noise Analysis .................................................................. 119 Gating Concept .............................................................................

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by Bifidobacteria have received considerable attention due to their ability to modify the rheological and physicochemical properties of dairy products. However, the quantification and characterisation of Bifidobacterial EPS are hampered by the presence of EPS-equivalent (EPS-E) substances in complex media such as Reinforced Clostridial Medium (RCM). This study...

We explore the fabrication, physicochemical characterisation (SEM, Raman, EDX and XPS) and electrochemical application of hand-drawn pencil electrodes (PDEs) upon an ultra-flexible polyester substrate; investigating the number of draws (used for their fabrication), the pencil grade utilised (HB to 9B) and the electrochemical properties of an array of batches (i.e, pencil boxes). Electrochemical...

Inspired by recent reports concerning the utilisation of hand drawn pencil macroelectrodes (PDEs), we report the fabrication, characterisation (physicochemical and electrochemical) and implementation (electrochemical sensing) of various PDEs drawn upon a flexible polyester substrate. Electrochemical characterisation reveals that there are no quantifiable electrochemical responses upon utilising...

BACKGROUND Significant progress of nanotechnology, including in particular biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, has resulted in a high number of studies describing the biological effects of nanomaterials. Moreover, a determination of so-called "critical quality attributes", that is specific physicochemical properties of nanomaterials triggering the observed biological response, has been ...

A systematic, tiered approach to assess the safety of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in foods is presented. The ENM is first compared to its non-nano form counterpart to determine if ENM-specific assessment is required. Of highest concern from a toxicological perspective are ENMs which have potential for systemic translocation, are insoluble or only partially soluble over time or are particula...

The cyclo-dipeptide substrates of the essential M. tuberculosis (Mtb) enzyme CYP121 were deconstructed into their component fragments and screened against the enzyme. A number of hits were identified, one of which exhibited an unexpected inhibitor-like binding mode. The inhibitory pharmacophore was elucidated, and fragment binding affinity was rapidly improved by synthetic elaboration guided by...

A complete physicochemical characterisation of MDMA and its synthetic precursors MDA, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde (piperonal) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-beta-methyl-beta-nitrostyrene was carried out through voltammetric assays and Raman spectroscopy combined with theoretical (DFT) calculations. The former provided important analytical redox data, concluding that the oxidative mechanism of the N-...

This study presents a simple but sensitive HPLC chromatographic method with a stability-indicating assay for determination and physicochemical characterisation of L-carnosine, a promising senile cataract prophylactic agent. Chromatographic analysis was conducted using a reverse phase (RP)-HPLC system and an isocratic mobile phase of 98% v/v trifluoroacetic acid (0.1% v/v) and 2% v/v acetonitril...

Glycoconjugate vaccines, in which a cell surface carbohydrate from a micro-organism is covalently attached to an appropriate carrier protein are proving to be the most effective means to generate protective immune responses to prevent a wide range of diseases. The technology appears to be generic and applicable to a wide range of pathogens, as long as antibodies against surface carbohydrates he...