background and objective: ankle sprain is the most common injuries of ankle joint that 22% of sport injuries is related to ankle sprain.the aim of this study is to compare the effect of 1% hydrocortisone phonophoresis (1% hcp) with low level laser therapy (lllt) on treatment of 2nd degree ankle sprain. materials and methods: this double-blinded clinical trial was performed in fattemieh physioth...

It is preferred that topically administered drugs act either dermally or transdermally. For that reason they have to penetrate into the deeper skin layers or permeate the skin. The outermost layer of the human skin, the stratum corneum, is responsible for its barrier function. Most topically administered drugs do not have the ability to penetrate the stratum corneum. In these cases modulations ...

Successful management of rotator cuff disorders requires a diagnostic and treatment algorithm that takes comorbidities into consideration. Within a framework of the patient’s age, the tear size, the injury mechanism, chronicity, and muscle atrophy/fatty infiltration, the overall risk of irreversible changes to the cuff with continued nonoperative treatment is weighed against the potential for i...