abu zeyd balkhi, the iranian muslim scholar, theologian and philosopher, who lived in third and fourth hijri centuries, is the first scientist who studied the interplay between the mental hygiene or health and the body hygiene or health. he reported his findings and opinions in his book “masalih al-abdan va al-anfos”. balkhi has attributed the orders of creation and universe to the wisdom of go...

Death is usually seen as the end of everything. So many people try and build an effort to run from death in so ways, both conventional modern, traditional one high technology usage. However, whatever we do, finally face death. The fear sometimes makes humans it, make a tranquilization, inauthentic attitude, or according Heidegger “inauthenticity being-toward-death”. Consequently, opportunities ...

In this two hundredth anniversary year of his death, we are met to celebrate the life and career of Joseph Priestley—and most of us celebrate the wrong man, for the wrong reasons. We celebrate the pneumatic chemist who, in a flurry of random experiments made over a period of five years, isolated and partially identified nine new gases, including oxygen—and the man who spent roughly five times a...

fakhr al-dīn al-rāzī, theologian and philosopher of the 12th centuriy (1148-1209), has a huge literary production in many scholary disciplines of his time. nothwithstanding some original ideas which are mostly found in his theological and philosophical writings, most of his other works are compilations based on other sources. some of these sources still exist, while most of the others seem to h...

as one of the most unfathomable mysteries human beings encounter with, death has always been one of the main concerns of great scholars and one of the major teachings of monotheistic religions. augustine is one of the great scholars who reflect upon and talk about death. interestingly, we do not face with a particular definition of death in augustine’s works. as a platonic philosopher, he consi...

Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the German philosopher and theologian whole lived during Nazi Germany era, was a “lone voice in wilderness” whose work on theology of sociality advocated for community which he calls “visible community” “beyond all earthly ties”. In context, it ran counter current to nationalist propaganda volk had aggressively made its way into aspects society including church. Bonhoeffer’...