PURPOSE To evaluate the birefringence properties of eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). To compare the information from two techniques--scanning laser polarimetry (GDx) and polarization-sensitive spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT)--and investigate how they complement each other. METHODS The authors prospectively examined the eyes of two healthy subjects and 13 pa...

spastic paraplegia 18 is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, joint contracture and mental retardation. we describe two families as three cases. case 1 is a 35-year-old woman with and spasticity and mild weakness in lower limbs. case 2 and 3 are a sister and brother aged six and two respectively. the older sister suffered from lower limb spasticity, equinovarus an...

We propose a new, simple theory-based, accurate polarization microscope for birefringence imaging of cytoskeletal structures of biological cells. The new theory lets us calculate very easily the phase retardation and the orientation of the principal axis of a particular area of a biological living cell in media by simply measuring the intensity variation of a pixel of a CCD camera while rotatin...

In polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) the use of single-mode fibers causes unpredictable polarization distortions which can result in increased noise levels and erroneous changes in calculated polarization parameters. In the current paper this problem is addressed by a new Jones matrix analysis method that measures and corrects system polarization distortions as a func...

<span lang="EN-US">Mentally retarded is a mental disorder with an intelligence quotient (IQ) between 55-70, besides those mentally children are only able to think concretely. For this reason, learning mathematics for students requires media that can bridge abstract mathematical material the abilities of who The objective study was improve recognition 1-20 numbers using number cards mild r...