Screening mammography represents the technique adopted to detect breast cancer at an early stage. However the presence of artifacts and pectoral muscle can disturb the detection of breast cancer and reduce the rate of accuracy in the computer aided analysis (CAD). For this reason, the preprocessing of mammogram images is very important in the process of breast cancer analysis because it reduces...

AIM Analysis of the pectoral fascia from a macroscopic and histological point of view. RESULTS The pectoral fascia appears as a thin collagen layer (mean thickness of 297 microm) formed by undulated collagen fibres and many elastic fibres, within which small nerves are highlighted. Numerous septa detach from its internal surface, creating an intimate connection between the fascia and the pect...

In conclusion, phrenic nerve stimulation due to LV lead dislodgement can mimic an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Pacemaker rotation leading to lead displacement was previously described by Bayliss et al. as Twiddler’s syndrome [1] and has a reported frequency of 0.07–7 % [2]. It was named after patients who twiddled with the device resulting in rotation and lead dislodgement. However, the syndrome ...

Determining which underlying traits contribute to differences in whole-animal performance can be difficult when many traits differ between individuals with high and low capacities. We have previously found that migratory (anadromous marine) and non-migratory (stream-resident) threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations have genetically based differences in prolonged swimming per...

Computer aided detection/diagnosis aims at assisting radiologist in the analysis of digital mammograms. Digital mammogram has emerged as the most popular screening technique for early detection of breast cancer and other abnormalities in human breast tissue. The pectoral muscle represents a predominant density region in most mammograms and can affect/bias the results of image processing methods...

Chicks are commonly fasted for the first 36 to 72 h posthatch because of the logistics of commercial production. Fasting for 48 to 72 h posthatch results in retarded BW, delayed intestinal development, and lower pectoral muscle weight. This study is focused on the first 36 h of fasting and its interaction with feeding before hatch. Four treatment groups, differing in time of first feed, 6 h [ea...

In the last decades, Danio rerio became one of the most used model organisms in various evo-devo studies devoted to the fin skeletal anatomy and fin-limb transition. Surprisingly, there is not even a single paper about the detailed anatomy of the adult muscles of the five fin types of this species. To facilitate more integrative developmental, functional, genetic, and evolutionary studies of th...

The interplay between the pectoral module (the pectoral girdle and limbs) and the pelvic module (the pelvic girdle and limbs) plays a key role in shaping avian evolution, but prior empirical studies on trait covariation between the two modules are limited. Here we empirically test whether (size-corrected) sternal keel length and ilium length are correlated during avian evolution using phylogene...

BACKGROUND Mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. METHODS We present a novel approach to enhance area density measures that takes advantage of the relative density of the pectoral muscle that appears in lateral mammographic views. We hypothesized that the grey scale of film mammograms is normalized to volume breast density but not pectoral density and thus pectoral de...

The musculoskeletal mechanism of pectoral fin propulsion was investigated in representatives of the two subfamilies of the Embiotocidae (surfperches). Kinematic and electromyographic records of steady swimming by the open-water cruiser Amphistichus rhodoterus and the benthic maneuverer Embiotoca lateralis were compared at 80 % of the species' respective pectoral­caudal gait transition speed...