It is a truism in mainstream academic debates and practical trainings that mediators’ impartiality is an essential element of successful peace mediation. In order to gain trust from negotiating parties who are carrying out adversarial bargaining, the traditional assumption suggests that mediating bodies must remain “impartial and unbiased, ideally unconnected” to any of the direct participants....

Abstract Failures to bring internationalised civil wars, such as in Syria, Libya, or Yemen, a negotiated agreement have led questioning of the UN's role peacemaking. The literature explains mediation outcomes by examining micro-level aspects pertaining either process conflict context. While both are important, they influenced macro-level dynamics related world politics that received less attent...

Kacelnik, Schuck-Paim and Pompilio (this volume, p. 377) show that rationality axioms from economics are neither necessary nor sufficient to guarantee that animal behavior is biologically adaptive. To illustrate that biological adaptiveness does not imply conformity with the consistency axioms of economics, Kacelnik et al describe animals that sensibly experiment with actions yielding sub-maxim...

Purpose This paper aims to study recent approaches peacemaking, particularly by Turkey and Russia, in a changing world their implications for UN-led peace processes. The authors analyze the factors that allow parallel processes UN mediation emerge discuss influence. Design/methodology/approach presents two in-depth case studies of Syria Libya, where UN, as well Russia Turkey, were actively invo...

After the Character Education Act was enacted, providing character classes became a prerequisite in some Korean colleges starting in spring 2017. Keeping in step with these changes, experts researching character education cited the need for the development of character scales. The purpose of the present study is to explore the validity and reliability of the Christian character scale for univer...