Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most popular type of dementia in elderly and is described by a progressive loss of cognitive capacity and severe neurodegeneration which typically begins with memory deficits. The major biomarkers of AD include total tau, phosphorylated-tau and 42 amino acid isoform of amyloid beta that reflect neurodegeneration and indicate the pathophysiological processes in AD...

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome causing from a severe traumatic happening that leads to threatened death or injury. PTSD is associated with changes in limbic, hippocampal, and prefrontal cortical region function due to changes in synaptogenesis, dendritic modifying, and neurogenesis. Changes in neuron in PTSD patients result from pathophysiological disturbances in inflammato...

PURPOSE Aqueous humor is intimately related to the cells of the anterior and posterior chambers, which affect its composition. Aqueous analysis provides useful information regarding physiological and pathophysiological processes in the eye. Human aqueous samples are typically less than 100 microl, limiting the usefulness of the analysis with traditional Enzyme-Linked immunoSorbant Assay (ELISA)...

UNLABELLED Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in stress physiology and stress-related disease processes. Like stress, NO seems to be capable of principally exerting either beneficial or deleterious effects. The actual distinction depends on a multitude of factors. Moreover, NO counteracts norepinephrine (NE) activity and sympathetic responsivity. Thus, NO and the stress (patho)physiology are closely...

Hand eczema affects up to 10% of the population and encompasses a diverse range of morphological presentations and underlying pathophysiological processes. This article will review the new and existing treatments that are available for this common dermatologic problem.

Treatment of patients with acute stroke is still far from being satisfactory. This is surprising since from experimental studies in animals a plenitude of substances is known to be therapeutically efficient in acute stroke. One of the most important reasons for this discrepancy is probably the extreme pathophysiological heterogeneity of human stroke. It is well known that drugs which are therap...